SEC Filing | Magnite, Inc.

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mgni-20220930

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

__________________

FORM 10-Q

__________________

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____________ to _____________

Commission File Number: 001-36384

__________________

MAGNITE, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

__________________


Delaware									20-8881738
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)									(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1250 Broadway, 15th Floor
New York, New York 10001
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code:
(212) 243-2769

______________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.00001 per share	MGNI	Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant's classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.


Class						Outstanding as of November 3, 2022
Common Stock, $0.00001 par value						133,384,717

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MAGNITE, INC.

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

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		Page No.
Part I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	3
Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and N ine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the Three and Nin e Months Ended September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021	9
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	11
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	33
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	54
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	55
Part II.	OTHER INFORMATION	55
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	55
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	56
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	56
Item 6.	Exhibits	58
Signatures		59

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

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MAGNITE, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except par values)

(unaudited)


	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	253,552	$	230,401

Accounts receivable, net	804,350		927,781
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	21,363		19,934
TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS	1,079,265		1,178,116
Property and equipment, net	45,489		34,067
Right-of-use lease asset	74,409		76,986
Internal use software development costs, net	23,051		20,093
Intangible assets, net	322,547		426,615
Goodwill	978,217		969,873
Other assets, non-current	6,106		6,862
TOTAL ASSETS	$	2,529,084	$	2,712,612
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	890,071	$	1,000,956
Lease liabilities, current	19,452		19,142
Debt, current	3,600		3,600
Other current liabilities	5,885		5,697
TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES	919,008		1,029,395
Debt, non-current, net of debt issuance costs	722,077		720,023
Deferred tax liability, net	11,506		13,303
Lease liabilities, non-current	64,288		66,487
Other liabilities, non-current	1,703		2,647
TOTAL LIABILITIES	1,718,582		1,831,855
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12)
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Preferred stock, $0.00001 par value, 10,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021; 0 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021	—		—
Common stock, $0.00001 par value; 500,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021; 133,349 and 132,553 shares issued at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and 133,349 and 132,204 shares outstanding at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively	2		2
Additional paid-in capital	1,304,182		1,282,589
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(5,293)		(1,376)
Treasury stock at cost, 0 and 349 shares outstanding at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively	—		(6,007)
Accumulated deficit	(488,389)		(394,451)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY	810,502		880,757
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY	$	2,529,084	$	2,712,612

The accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

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MAGNITE, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

(unaudited)


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
Revenue	$	145,815	$	131,871	$	401,670	$	307,127
Expenses:
Cost of revenue	71,753		63,541		196,150		134,823
Sales and marketing	49,848		52,260		151,675		118,122
Technology and development	25,134		21,059		71,214		53,436
General and administrative	20,235		16,535		59,405		47,673
Merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs	—		2,424		7,468		37,778

Total expenses	166,970		155,819		485,912		391,832
Loss from operations	(21,155)		(23,948)		(84,242)		(84,705)
Other (income) expense:
Interest expense, net	7,016		7,280		21,273		12,595
Other income	(1,369)		(955)		(3,991)		(3,317)
Foreign exchange gain, net	(1,976)		(1,246)		(5,042)		(1,358)
Total other expense, net	3,671		5,079		12,240		7,920
Loss before income taxes	(24,826)		(29,027)		(96,482)		(92,625)
Benefit for income taxes	(435)		(4,708)		(2,544)		(92,237)
Net loss	$	(24,391)	$	(24,319)	$	(93,938)	$	(388)
Net loss per share:
Basic and Diluted	$	(0.18)	$	(0.18)	$	(0.71)	$	—

Weighted average shares used to compute net loss per share:
Basic and Diluted	133,144		131,501		132,611		124,325

The accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

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MAGNITE, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(In thousands)

(unaudited)


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
Net loss	$	(24,391)	$	(24,319)	$	(93,938)	$	(388)
Other comprehensive loss:

Foreign currency translation adjustments	(1,972)		(525)		(3,917)		(469)
Other comprehensive loss	(1,972)		(525)		(3,917)		(469)
Comprehensive loss	$	(26,363)	$	(24,844)	$	(97,855)	$	(857)

The accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

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MAGNITE, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands)

(unaudited)


	Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Accumulated Deficit		Treasury Stock			Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount								Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2020	114,029	$	2	$	777,084	$	(957)	$	(394,516)				$	381,613
Exercise of common stock options	733	—		5,785		—		—		—	—		5,785


Issuance of common stock related to RSU vesting	1,351	—		—		—		—		—	—		—

Stock-based compensation	—	—		7,108		—		—		—	—		7,108
Capped call options	—	—		(38,960)		—		—		—	—		(38,960)
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		(313)		—		—	—		(313)
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(12,877)		—	—		(12,877)
Balance at March 31, 2021	116,113	$	2	$	751,017	$	(1,270)	$	(407,393)	—	$	—	$	342,356
Exercise of common stock options	384	—		1,480		—		—		—	—		1,480

Issuance of common stock related to employee stock purchase plan	121	—		1,154		—		—		—	—		1,154
Issuance of common stock related to RSU vesting	2,208	—		—		—		—		—	—		—

Issuance of common stock associated with the SpotX Acquisition	12,374	—		495,591		—		—		—	—		495,591

Stock-based compensation	—	—		9,928		—		—		—	—		9,928
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		369		—		—	—		369
Net income	—	—		—		—		36,808		—	—		36,808
Balance at June 30, 2021	131,200	$	2	$	1,259,170	$	(901)	$	(370,585)	—	$	—	$	887,686
Exercise of common stock options	275	—		1,482		—		—		—	—		1,482

Issuance of common stock related to RSU vesting	314	—		—		—		—		—	—		—


Stock-based compensation	—	—		12,441		—		—		—	—		12,441
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		(525)		—		—	—		(525)
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(24,319)		—	—		(24,319)
Balance at September 30, 2021	131,789	$	2	$	1,273,093	$	(1,426)	$	(394,904)	—	$	—	$	876,765

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	Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Accumulated Deficit		Treasury Stock			Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount								Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2021	132,553	$	2	$	1,282,589	$	(1,376)	$	(394,451)	(349)	$	(6,007)	$	880,757
Exercise of common stock options	311	—		1,107		—		—		—	—		1,107


Issuance of common stock related to RSU vesting	783	—		—		—		—		—	—		—
Shares withheld related to net share settlement	(315)	—		(4,260)		—		—		—	—		(4,260)
Purchase of treasury stock	—	—		—		—		—		(931)	(12,138)		(12,138)
Retirement of common stock	(1,280)	—		(18,145)		—		—		1,280	18,145		—
Stock-based compensation	—	—		16,927		—		—		—	—		16,927

Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		110		—		—	—		110
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(44,593)		—	—		(44,593)
Balance at March 31, 2022	132,052	$	2	$	1,278,218	$	(1,266)	$	(439,044)	—	$	—	$	837,910
Exercise of common stock options	164	—		501		—		—		—	—		501
Issuance of common stock related to employee stock purchase plan	238	—		2,141		—		—		—	—		2,141
Issuance of common stock related to RSU vesting	1,165	—		—		—		—		—	—		—
Shares withheld related to net share settlement	(462)	—		(5,198)		—		—		—	—		(5,198)
Purchase of treasury stock	—	—		—		—		—		(312)	(3,525)		(3,525)
Retirement of common stock	(312)	—		(3,525)		—		—		312	3,525		—
Stock-based compensation	—	—		16,559		—		—		—	—		16,559
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		(2,055)		—		—	—		(2,055)
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(24,954)		—	—		(24,954)
Balance at June 30, 2022	132,845	$	2	$	1,288,696	$	(3,321)	$	(463,998)	—	$	—	$	821,379
Exercise of common stock options	39	—		163		—		—		—	—		163


Issuance of common stock related to RSU vesting	722	—		—		—		—		—	—		—
Shares withheld related to net share settlement	(257)	—		(2,401)		—		—		—	—		(2,401)


Stock-based compensation	—	—		17,724		—		—		—	—		17,724
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		(1,972)		—		—	—		(1,972)
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(24,391)		—	—		(24,391)
Balance at September 30, 2022	133,349	$	2	$	1,304,182	$	(5,293)	$	(488,389)	—	$	—	$	810,502

The accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

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MAGNITE, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

(unaudited)


	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss	$	(93,938)	$	(388)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	138,641		97,084
Stock-based compensation	50,193		28,521
Impairment of intangible assets	3,320		—
(Gain) loss on disposal of property and equipment	(59)		78
Provision for doubtful accounts	(357)		217
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs	5,092		3,223
Non-cash lease expense	1,340		1,825
Deferred income taxes	(1,626)		(91,540)
Unrealized foreign currency gains, net	(5,231)		(2,578)

Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of business acquisitions:
Accounts receivable	125,268		(92,131)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(1,751)		(297)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(116,575)		113,795
Other liabilities	(472)		191
Net cash provided by operating activities	103,845		58,000
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of property and equipment	(18,004)		(13,985)
Capitalized internal use software development costs	(11,177)		(8,525)
Mergers and acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(20,755)		(653,060)



Net cash used in investing activities	(49,936)		(675,570)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from Convertible Senior Notes offering	—		400,000
Proceeds from issuance of debt, net of debt discount	—		349,200
Payment for capped call options	—		(38,960)
Payment for debt issuance costs	—		(30,378)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	1,771		8,747
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan	2,141		1,154
Repayment of debt	(2,700)		(900)
Repayment of financing lease	(602)		—
Purchase of treasury stock	(15,663)		—
Taxes paid related to net share settlement	(11,859)		—

Payment of indemnification claims holdback	(1,409)		—
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(28,321)		688,863
EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH	(2,484)		(591)
CHANGE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH	23,104		70,702
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH — Beginning of period	230,693		117,731
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH — End of period	$	253,797	$	188,433

The accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

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MAGNITE, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

(unaudited)


	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
RECONCILIATION OF CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH TO CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	253,552	$	188,182
Restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other current assets	245		—
Restricted cash included in other assets, non-current	—		251
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	253,797	$	188,433

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF OTHER CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash paid for income taxes	$	4,356	$	1,221
Cash paid for interest	$	18,624	$	7,671
Capitalized assets financed by accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	10,195	$	1,513
Capitalized stock-based compensation	$	1,017	$	956
Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities	$	11,542	$	22,651
Purchase consideration - indemnification claims holdback	$	2,293	$	1,409
Common stock and options issued for mergers and acquisitions	$	—	$	495,591

Debt discount, non-cash	$	—	$	10,800

The accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

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MAGNITE, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

Note 1—Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Company Overview

Magnite, Inc. ("Magnite" or the "Company"), formerly known as The Rubicon Project, Inc., was formed in Delaware and began operations on April 20, 2007. On April 1, 2020, Magnite completed a stock-for-stock merger with Telaria, Inc. ("Telaria" and such merger the "Telaria Merger"), a leading sell-side advertising platform and provider of connected television ("CTV") technology. On April 30, 2021, the Company completed its acquisition of SpotX, Inc. ("SpotX" and such acquisition the "SpotX Acquisition"), a leading CTV and video advertising platform. On July 1, 2021, the Company completed its acquisition of SpringServe, LLC ("SpringServe" and such acquisition the "SpringServe Acquisition"), a leading ad serving platform for CTV. Magnite has its principal offices in New York City, Los Angeles, Denver, London, and Sydney, and additional offices in Europe, Asia, North America, and South America.

The Company provides a technology solution to automate the purchase and sale of digital advertising inventory for buyers and sellers globally, across all channels, formats and auction types. The Company’s platform features applications and services for sellers of digital advertising inventory, or publishers, that own or operate websites, applications, CTV channels, and other digital media properties, to manage and monetize their inventory; applications and services for buyers, including advertisers, agencies, agency trading desks, and demand side platforms, to buy digital advertising inventory; and a transparent, independent marketplace that brings buyers and sellers together and facilitates intelligent decision making and automated transaction execution at scale. The Company's clients include many of the world's leading sellers and buyers of digital advertising inventory.

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP, for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim period presented have been included. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future interim period, the year ending December 31, 2022, or for any future year.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2021 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date, but does not include all of the disclosures required by GAAP. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company's audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2021 included in its 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

There have been no significant changes in the Company's accounting policies from those disclosed in its audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2021 included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported and disclosed financial statements and accompanying footnotes. Due to the economic uncertainty as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical events, including the conflict in Ukraine, and economic and macroeconomic factors like labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, inflation, and recessionary concerns impacting the markets and communities in which the Company's clients operate, it has become more difficult to apply certain assumptions and judgments into these estimates. The extent of the impact of these factors on the Company's operational and financial performance will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including but not limited to the duration and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, this uncertainty continued to result in a higher level of judgment related to its estimates and assumptions. As of the date of issuance of the condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company is not aware of any specific event or circumstance that would require the Company to update its estimates, judgments, or revise the carrying value of its assets or liabilities. These estimates may change, as new events occur and additional information is obtained, and are recognized in the consolidated financial statements as soon as they become known. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In July 2021, the FASB issued Update No. 2021-05, Leases (Topic 842)—Lessors – Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments ("ASU 2021-05"). ASU 2021-05 requires a lessor to classify a lease with variable lease payments that do not depend on

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an index or rate as an operating lease if specified criteria are met. The Company adopted ASU 2021-05 on January 1, 2022 on a prospective basis, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805) – Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers ("ASU 2021-08"). ASU 2021-08 requires the recognition and measurement of contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Considerations to determine the amount of contract assets and contract liabilities to record at the acquisition date include the terms of the acquired contract, such as timing of payment, identification of each performance obligation in the contract and allocation of the contract transaction price to each identified performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis as of contract inception. ASU 2021-08 is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of 2023. ASU 2021-08 should be applied prospectively for acquisitions occurring on or after the effective date of the amendments. Early adoption of the proposed amendments would be permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The Company is currently assessing the impact this standard will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company does not believe there are any other recently issued and effective or not yet effective pronouncements that would have or are expected to have any significant effect on the Company’s financial position, cash flows or results of operations.

Note 2—Net Loss Per Share

The following table presents the basic and diluted net loss per share:


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Basic and Diluted Loss Per Share:
Net loss	$	(24,391)	$	(24,319)	$	(93,938)	$	(388)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding	133,144		131,501		132,611		124,325


Weighted-average common shares outstanding used to compute net loss per share	133,144		131,501		132,611		124,325
Basic and diluted loss per share	$	(0.18)	$	(0.18)	$	(0.71)	$	—

The following weighted-average shares have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for each period presented because they are anti-dilutive:


	Three Months Ended		Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022	September 30, 2021	September 30, 2022	September 30, 2021
	(in thousands)		(in thousands)
Options to purchase common stock	1,280	4,116	1,985	4,712

Unvested restricted stock units	903	4,253	1,600	5,876
Unvested performance stock units	54	195	113	196
ESPP shares	49	11	23	49
Convertible Senior Notes	6,262	6,262	6,262	4,499
Total shares excluded from net loss per share	8,548	14,837	9,983	15,332

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021, the Company excluded outstanding performance stock units (as described in Note 9) from the calculation of diluted net loss per share because they were anti-dilutive. As of September 30, 2022, the performance stock units granted during April 2020, April 2021, August 2021, and February 2022 had expected achievement levels of 53%, 0%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. As of September 30, 2021, the performance stock units granted during April 2020, April 2021, and August 2021 had expected achievement levels of 150%, 0%, and 0% respectively. Refer to Note 9—"Stock-Based Compensation" for additional information related to performance stock units.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021, shares that would be issuable assuming conversion of all of the Convertible Senior Notes (as defined in Note 13) were excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share because they were anti-dilutive. Diluted earnings per share for the Convertible Senior Notes is calculated under the if-converted method in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share. The Convertible Senior Notes have an initial conversion rate of 15.6539 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes, which will be subject to anti-

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dilution adjustments in certain circumstances. As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, the number of shares that would be issuable assuming conversion of all of the Convertible Senior Notes is approximately 6,261,560. Refer to Note 13—"Debt" for additional information related to accounting for Convertible Senior Notes issued and associated Capped Call Transactions.

Note 3—Revenue

For the majority of transactions on the Company's platform, the Company reports revenue on a net basis as it does not act as the principal in the purchase and sale of digital advertising inventory because it does not have control of the digital advertising inventory and does not set prices agreed upon within the auction marketplace. For certain advertising campaigns that are transacted through insertion orders, the Company reports revenue on a gross basis, based primarily on its determination that the Company acts as the primary obligor in the delivery of advertising campaigns for buyers with respect to such transactions. The Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which the Company recognizes revenue at the amount to which it has the right to invoice for services performed.

The following table presents our revenue recognized on a net basis and on a gross basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:


	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022				September 30, 2021				September 30, 2022				September 30, 2021
	(in thousands, except percentages)
Revenue:
Net basis	$	116,999	80	%	$	105,866	80	%	$	330,015	82	%	$	258,236	84	%
Gross basis	28,816		20		26,005		20		71,655		18		48,891		16
Total	$	145,815	100	%	$	131,871	100	%	$	401,670	100	%	$	307,127	100	%

The following table presents our revenue by channel for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:


	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022				September 30, 2021				September 30, 2022				September 30, 2021
	(in thousands, except percentages)
Channel:
CTV	$	71,604	49	%	$	57,885	44	%	$	187,619	47	%	$	115,040	38	%
Desktop	28,217		19		30,573		23		83,940		21		80,166		26
Mobile	45,994		32		43,413		33		130,111		32		111,921		36
Total	$	145,815	100	%	$	131,871	100	%	$	401,670	100	%	$	307,127	100	%

The following table presents the Company's revenue disaggregated by geographic location, based on the location of the Company's sellers for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands)				(in thousands)
United States	$	113,851	$	104,633	$	310,870	$	237,844

International	31,964		27,238		90,800		69,283
Total	$	145,815	$	131,871	$	401,670	$	307,127

Payment terms are specified in agreements between the Company and the buyers and sellers on its platform. The Company generally bills buyers at the end of each month for the full purchase price of impressions filled in that month. The Company recognizes volume discounts as a reduction of revenue as they are incurred. Specific payment terms may vary by agreement, but are generally seventy-five days or less. The Company's accounts receivable are recorded at the amount of gross billings to buyers, net of allowances for the amounts the Company is responsible to collect. The Company's accounts payable related to amounts due to sellers are recorded at the net amount payable to sellers (see Note 5). Accordingly, both accounts receivable and accounts payable appear large in relation to revenue reported on a net basis.

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount, are unsecured, and do not bear interest. The allowance for doubtful accounts is reviewed quarterly, requires judgment, and is based on the best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in existing accounts receivable. The Company reviews the status of the then-outstanding accounts receivable on a customer-by-

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customer basis, taking into consideration the aging schedule of receivables, its historical collection experience, current information regarding the client, subsequent collection history, and other relevant data, in establishing the allowance for doubtful accounts. Accounts receivable is presented net of an allowance for doubtful accounts of $0.8 million at September 30, 2022, and $3.5 million at December 31, 2021. Accounts receivable are written off against the allowance for doubtful accounts when the Company determines amounts are no longer collectible.

The Company reviews the associated payable to sellers for recovery of buyer receivable allowance and write-offs; in some cases, the Company can reduce the payable to sellers. The reduction of seller payables related to recovery of uncollected buyer receivables is netted against allowance expense. The contra seller payables related to recoveries were $0.3 million and $2.1 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

The following is a summary of activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands)				(in thousands)
Allowance for doubtful accounts, beginning balance	$	871	$	3,279	$	3,475	$	2,360
Allowance for doubtful accounts, merger and acquisition-assumed	—		425		—		835
Write-offs	(518)		(14)		(527)		(35)
Increase (decrease) in provision for expected credit losses	455		342		(2,227)		852
Recoveries of previous write-offs	—		—		87		20
Allowance for doubtful accounts, ending balance	$	808	$	4,032	$	808	$	4,032

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the provision for expected credit losses associated with accounts receivable increased by $0.5 million and decreased by $2.2 million, respectively, offset by increases of contra seller payables related to recoveries of uncollected buyer receivables of $0.1 million and decreases of $1.9 million, respectively, which resulted in $0.3 million of bad debt expense and $0.4 million of bad debt recoveries, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the provision for expected credit losses associated with accounts receivable increased by $0.3 million and $0.9 million, respectively, and was offset by decreases of contra seller payables related to recoveries of uncollected buyer receivables of an immaterial amount and $0.6 million, respectively, which resulted in $0.4 million and $0.2 million, respectively, of bad debt recoveries.

Note 4—Fair Value Measurements

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

Fair value represents the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Observable inputs are based on market data obtained from independent sources. The fair value hierarchy is based on the following three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last one is considered unobservable:

•Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

•Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs.

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The table below sets forth a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at September 30, 2022:


	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
Cash equivalents	$	208,172	$	208,172	$	—	$	—

The table below sets forth a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2021:


	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
Cash equivalents	$	7,869	$	7,869	$	—	$	—

At September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, cash equivalents of $208.2 million and $7.9 million, respectively, consisted of money market funds and commercial paper, with original maturities of three months or less. The carrying amounts of cash equivalents are classified as Level 1 or Level 2 depending on whether or not their fair values are based on quoted market prices for identical securities that are traded in an active market.

At September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had Convertible Senior Notes and its Term Loan B Facility (as defined in Note 13) included in its balance sheets. The estimated fair value of the Company's Convertible Senior Notes was $304.1 million and $315.5 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The estimated fair value of Convertible Senior Notes is based on market rates and the closing trading price of the Convertible Senior Notes as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 and is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. At September 30, 2022, the estimated fair value of the Company's Term Loan B Facility was $343.1 million and at December 31, 2021, the estimated fair value of the Company's Term Loan B Facility approximated the carrying value. The estimated fair value is based on borrowing rates currently available to the Company for financing with similar terms and is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measurements during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

Note 5—Other Balance Sheet Amounts

Accounts payable and accrued expenses included the following:


	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(in thousands)
Accounts payable—seller	$	845,460	$	971,220
Accounts payable—trade	27,255		11,904
Accrued employee-related payables	14,870		16,230
Accrued holdback - indemnification claims	2,486		1,602
Total	$	890,071	$	1,000,956

Restricted cash was $0.2 million and $0.3 million at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, which was included within prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets, non-current.

Note 6—Goodwill, Intangible Assets, and Capitalized Costs Incurred in Cloud Computing Arrangements

The Company's goodwill balance as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was $978.2 million and $969.9 million, respectively. The increase during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was primarily a result of the Carbon Acquisition (see Note 7).

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The Company’s intangible assets as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 included the following:


	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(in thousands)
Amortizable intangible assets:
Developed technology	$	390,136	$	378,958
Customer relationships	136,000		173,950
In-process research and development	12,730		14,630

Non-compete agreements	900		2,270
Trademarks	900		1,400
Total identifiable intangible assets, gross	540,666		571,208
Accumulated amortization—intangible assets:
Developed technology	(131,493)		(75,850)
Customer relationships	(82,648)		(65,702)
In-process research and development	(3,154)		(1,250)

Non-compete agreements	(449)		(1,197)
Trademarks	(375)		(594)
Total accumulated amortization—intangible assets	(218,119)		(144,593)
Total identifiable intangible assets, net	$	322,547	$	426,615

Amortization of intangible assets for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was $38.1 million and $42.2 million, respectively, and $115.3 million and $79.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. During the first quarter of 2022, the Company abandoned certain in-process research and development projects and technology intangible assets. The abandonment resulted in $3.3 million of impairment costs in the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which was included within merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs in the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

The estimated remaining amortization expense associated with the Company's intangible assets was as follows as of September 30, 2022:


Fiscal Year	Amount
	(in thousands)
Remaining 2022	$	34,369
2023	104,924
2024	87,294
2025	70,834
2026	24,695
Thereafter	431
Total	$	322,547

The Company capitalizes costs related to arrangements for infrastructure as a service, platform as a service, and software as a service. As of September 30, 2022, $0.8 million of capitalized costs associated with these arrangements was included within prepaid expenses and other current assets and $0.7 million was included within other assets, non-current. As of December 31, 2021, $0.5 million of capitalized costs associated with these arrangements was included within prepaid expenses and other current assets and $0.7 million was included within other assets, non-current. The amortization of these agreements was immaterial for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

Note 7—Business Combinations

2021 Acquisition—SpotX

On April 30, 2021, the Company completed the SpotX Acquisition, pursuant to a Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of February 4, 2021 (the "Purchase Agreement"), by and between the Company and RTL US Holdings, Inc. ("RTL"). The initial purchase price for the SpotX Acquisition was $560 million in cash ("Cash Consideration") and 14,000,000 shares of the Company's common stock. Per the terms of the Purchase Agreement, at the completion of the Company’s offering of its Convertible Senior Notes, RTL elected to increase the Cash Consideration by an amount equal to 20% of the gross proceeds of the Convertible Senior Notes (which amount was equal to $80 million) and to reduce the number of shares of common stock it would otherwise receive by a number of shares of common stock equal to 20% of the gross proceeds of the proposed offering of notes ($80 million) divided by the closing price of a share of our common stock on the trading day immediately prior to the date of pricing of the proposed offering of notes ($49.21). As a result of this election, the adjusted purchase price was $1.1 billion, prior to customary working capital adjustments and other adjustments, consisting of $640.0 million in cash plus 12,374,315 shares of common stock (based on the fair value of the Company's common stock on April 30, 2021). The Cash Consideration was subject to customary working capital and other adjustments. The working capital was approximately $65.2 million, including cash balances acquired and other working capital adjustments, resulting in a total purchase price of $1.2 billion. The Company financed the Cash Consideration through borrowings under the Term Loan B Facility and the Convertible Senior Notes (Note 13).

In accordance with ASC 805, the Company recorded the acquisition based on the fair value of the consideration transferred and then allocated the purchase price to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values as of the acquisition date. The excess of the value of consideration transferred over the aggregate fair value of those net assets was recorded as goodwill. Any identified definite lived intangible assets will be amortized over their estimated useful lives and any identified intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and goodwill will not be amortized but will be tested for impairment at least annually. All intangible assets and goodwill will be tested for impairment when certain indicators are present. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires management to use significant judgment and estimates including the selection of valuation methodologies, estimates of future revenues and cash flows, discount rates, and selection of comparable companies.

For purposes of measuring the estimated fair value, where applicable, of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed, the Company has applied the guidance in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, which establishes a framework for measuring fair value. In accordance with ASC 820, fair value is an exit price and is defined as "the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date." Under ASC 805, acquisition-related transaction costs and acquisition-related restructuring charges are not included as components of consideration transferred but are accounted for as expenses in the period in which the costs are incurred.

The following table summarizes the total purchase consideration (in thousands):


Cash Consideration	$	640,000
Stock Consideration (Fair Value of Shares of Magnite common stock)	495,591
Working capital adjustment	65,152
Total purchase consideration	$	1,200,743

The purchase consideration for the SpotX Acquisition included 12,374,315 shares of the Company's common stock with a fair value of approximately $495.6 million, based on the close price of the Company's common stock at closing on April 30, 2021, which was $40.05 per share, and working capital adjustment of $65.2 million, mainly consisting of cash balances acquired on the date of the SpotX Acquisition and other opening balance sheet adjustments.

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company adjusted the preliminary purchase price allocation for SpotX based on updated fair values associated with the acquired assets and liabilities. Adjustments impacted acquisition related accounts payable and tax accruals. The Company finalized the purchase price allocation of SpotX in the second quarter of 2022, resulting in no additional changes to the purchase price allocation.

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The fair value of the purchase price was allocated to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their estimated fair values as of the date of the SpotX Acquisition as set forth below (in thousands):


Cash	$	81,967
Restricted cash	199
Accounts receivable	199,649
Prepaid and other assets, current	12,308
Fixed assets	6,823
Intangible assets	429,600
Right-of-use lease asset	10,055
Goodwill	782,719

Total assets to be acquired	1,523,320
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	205,822

Other current liabilities	1,091
Lease liabilities	12,625
Deferred tax liability, net	103,039
Total liabilities to be assumed	322,577
Total purchase price	$	1,200,743

The Company believes the amount of goodwill resulting from the purchase price allocation is primarily attributable to expected synergies from the assembled workforce, an increase in development capabilities, increased offerings to customers, and enhanced opportunities for growth and innovation. Goodwill will not be amortized but instead will be tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if certain indicators of impairment are present. In the event that goodwill has become impaired, the Company will record an expense for the amount impaired during the quarter in which the determination is made. The acquired intangibles and goodwill resulting from the SpotX Acquisition are not amortizable for tax purposes.

The following table summarizes the components of the intangible assets and estimated useful lives as of the date of the SpotX Acquisition (dollars in thousands):


			Estimated Useful Life
Technology	$	280,400	5 years
Customer relationships	130,300		2 to 4 years
Backlog	11,100		<1 year
In-process research and development	5,800		3 years*
Non-compete agreements	1,500		1 year
Trademarks	500		<1 year
Total intangible assets acquired	$	429,600
* In-process research and development consists of six projects with a weighted-average useful life of 3 years. Amortization begins once associated projects are completed and it is determined the projects have alternative future use.

The fair value of the acquired technology and in-process research and development was valued using the Excess Earnings Method. This methodology included allocating future revenue projections to the existing technologies and applying decay rates and appropriate discount rates that reflect the respective intangible asset's relative risk profile when compared to other intangible assets as well as the discount rate for the overall business.

The Company used the Loss‐of‐Revenue and Income Method in its valuation of the existing customer relationships and non-compete agreements. To the extent that future cash flows of the business would be negatively affected in the absence of these relationships and non-compete agreements, they would be deemed to have economic value. This method attempts to quantify the scenario whereby the owner loses the right to the intangible asset and the resulting losses of revenue and income. Under this analysis, the value of the cash flows with the intangible asset is compared to the value of the cash flows without the intangible asset and the difference represents the value of the intangible asset. This methodology included applying a discount rate and the expected timing it would take to further enhance customer relationships.

The fair value of the backlog was based on the Excess Earnings Method, taking into consideration the existing contracts as of the date of the SpotX Acquisition and the respective cost to complete the servicing of the existing agreements. The resulting stream of after tax earnings were discounted to present value by applying an appropriate discount rate for the

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asset. The discount rate was selected based on the intangible asset’s relative risk profile when compared to the other intangible assets as well as the discount rate for the overall business.

The fair value of the trademarks was based on the Income Approach, specifically the Relief‐from‐Royalty Method. Under this method, data is obtained regarding actual royalty payments made for similar intangible assets. After the appropriate royalty rate is determined, the reasonable royalty savings is then discounted to its present value over the remaining technological, economic, or legal life of the intangible asset.

Intangible assets are generally amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the pattern in which the economic benefits are consumed, over their estimated useful lives. Amortization of developed technology is included in cost of revenues and the amortization of customer relationships, backlog, non-compete agreements, and trademarks is included in sales and marketing expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Once the projects associated with acquired in-process research and development are completed, amortization will be included in cost of revenues in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The acquired intangible assets and goodwill resulting from the SpotX Acquisition are not tax deductible.

As part of the SpotX Acquisition, deferred tax liabilities were established. As a result of the deferred tax liability balance created by the acquisition, the Company reduced its deferred tax asset ("DTA") valuation allowance by $56.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Such reduction was recognized as an income tax benefit in the post-acquisition consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021.

2021 Acquisition—SpringServe

On July 1, 2021, the Company, through its wholly-owned subsidiary, SpotX, completed the SpringServe Acquisition. As a result of the SpringServe Acquisition, SpringServe became a wholly-owned subsidiary of SpotX, and a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of the Company.

The following table summarizes the total purchase consideration (in thousands):


Cash Consideration	$	31,136
SpotX initial cash investment in SpringServe	2,075
Fair value appreciation of SpotX purchase right	7,450
Indemnification claims - holdback	1,409
Total purchase consideration	$	42,070

In 2020, SpotX made a minority investment of $2.1 million in SpringServe in conjunction with a strategic partnership agreement between the two companies, which included an option agreement to purchase SpringServe. At the time of Magnite's acquisition of SpotX, the fair value of SpotX's minority investment and purchase right were valued at a combined $7.5 million for a total minority investment and purchase right of $9.5 million. In connection with the SpringServe Acquisition, $1.4 million of the purchase price was held back to cover possible indemnification claims.

The Company finalized the purchase price allocation of SpringServe in the third quarter of 2022, resulting in no additional changes to the purchase price allocation and the full payment of the $1.4 million holdback liability. The fair value of the purchase

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price was allocated to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their estimated fair values as of the date of the SpringServe Acquisition as set forth below (in thousands):


Cash	$	1,062
Accounts receivable	3,234
Prepaid and other assets, current	157
Fixed assets	25
Intangible assets	23,400
Right-of-use lease asset	1,879
Goodwill	24,156

Total assets to be acquired	53,913
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	2,475
Other current liabilities	35
Lease liabilities	3,179
Deferred tax liability, net	6,154
Total liabilities to be assumed	11,843
Total preliminary purchase price	$	42,070

The following table summarizes the components of the intangible assets and estimated useful lives as of the date of the SpringServe Acquisition (dollars in thousands):


			Estimated Useful Life
Technology	$	15,500	5 years
Customer relationships	5,700		2 years
Trademarks and Trade Names	900		3 years
In-process research and development	800		3 years*
Non-compete agreements	500		2 years
Total intangible assets acquired	$	23,400
* In-process research and development consists of two projects with a weighted-average useful life of 3 years. Amortization begins once associated projects are completed and it is determined the projects have alternative future use.

At the acquisition date, SpringServe had existing customer relationships. To the extent that future cash flows of the business would be negatively affected in the absence of these relationships, they would be deemed to have economic value. In addition, certain employees of SpringServe signed two year non-compete agreements. The Company used the Loss‐of‐Revenue and Income Method in its valuation of the existing customer relationships and non-compete agreements. This method attempts to quantify the scenario whereby the owner loses the right to the intangible asset and the resulting losses of revenue and income. Under this analysis, the value of the cash flows with the intangible asset is compared to the value of the cash flows without the intangible asset and the difference represents the value of the intangible asset. This methodology included applying a discount rate and the expected timing it would take to further enhance customer relationships.

The fair value of the trademarks and trade names were based on the Income Approach, specifically the Relief‐from‐Royalty Method. Under this method, data is obtained regarding actual royalty payments made for similar intangible assets. After the appropriate royalty rate is determined, the reasonable royalty savings is then discounted to its present value over the remaining technological, economic, or legal life of the intangible asset.

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the amortization of customer relationships, non-compete agreements, and trademarks is included in sales and marketing expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Once the projects associated with acquired in-process research and development are completed, amortization will be included in cost of revenues in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The acquired intangibles and goodwill resulting from the SpringServe Acquisition are not tax deductible.

As part of the SpringServe Acquisition, deferred tax liabilities were established. As a result of this and the SpotX deferred tax liability balance, the Company recognized an income tax benefit in the post-acquisition consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021.

2021 Acquisition—Nth Party

The Company completed the acquisition of Nth Party, Ltd. ("Nth Party"), a developer of cryptographic software for secure audience data sharing and analysis, in December 2021 for a total purchase price of $9.0 million in cash. The Company acquired Nth Party as part of its strategy to further invest in the development and enhancement of industry leading identity and audience solutions. The allocation of purchase consideration resulted in approximately $5.4 million of developed technology intangible assets with an estimated useful life of 5 years, approximately $0.2 million non-compete intangible assets with an estimated useful life of 2 years, approximately $1.3 million of deferred tax liability, and goodwill of approximately $4.8 million, which is attributable to the workforce of Nth Party and revenue growth from the acquisition. Acquired intangibles and goodwill resulting from the Nth Party acquisition are not deductible for income tax purposes.

Unaudited Pro Forma Information

The following table provides unaudited pro forma information as if the SpotX and SpringServe Acquisitions had been acquired by the Company as of January 1, 2020. The unaudited pro forma information reflects adjustments for additional amortization resulting from the fair value adjustments to assets acquired and liabilities assumed, adjustments for alignment of accounting policies, and transaction expenses as if the SpotX and SpringServe Acquisitions occurred on January 1, 2020. The pro forma results do not include any anticipated cost synergies or other effects of the combined companies. Accordingly, pro forma amounts are not necessarily indicative of the results that actually would have occurred had the SpotX and SpringServe Acquisitions been completed on the dates indicated, nor is it indicative of the future operating results of the combined company. The table below excludes Nth Party as its impact on pro forma results were immaterial.


	Nine Months Ended
			September 30, 2021
		(in thousands)
Pro Forma Revenue			$	379,180
Pro Forma Net Loss			$	(88,187)

2022 Acquisition—Carbon

The Company completed the acquisition of the business of Carbon (AI) Limited ("Carbon" and such acquisition the "Carbon Acquisition"), a platform that enables publishers to measure, manage, and monetize audience segments, in February 2022 for a total purchase price of $23.1 million in cash. Approximately $2.3 million of the purchase price was held back to cover possible indemnification claims, which is expected to be paid in cash one year after the acquisition. The Company acquired Carbon as part of its strategy to further invest in the development and enhancement of industry leading identity and audience solutions. The allocation of purchase consideration resulted in an estimated $14.2 million of developed technology intangible assets with an estimated useful life of 5 years, $0.2 million non-compete intangible assets with an estimated useful life of 2 years, $0.2 million of customer relationships with an estimated useful life of 0.5 years, and goodwill of $8.5 million, which is attributable to the workforce of Carbon and revenue growth from the acquisition. For tax purposes, the Carbon Acquisition was treated as an asset acquisition. The acquisition of identified intangibles results in tax deductible amortization pursuant to IRC Section 197.

Acquisition related costs associated with the Carbon Acquisition included in the "Merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs" in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 were immaterial. In addition, Carbon's post-acquisition revenue and operating results on a standalone basis were immaterial.

Note 8—Merger, Acquisition, and Restructuring Costs

Merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs consist primarily of professional services fees and employee termination costs, including stock-based compensation charges, associated with the Telaria Merger, the SpotX Acquisition, and restructuring activities.

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The following table summarizes merger, acquisition, and restructuring cost activity (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended			Nine Months Ended
		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands)
Professional services (investment banking advisory, legal and other professional services)		$	1,064	$	917	$	28,032
Personnel related (severance and one-time termination benefit costs)		1,312		1,227		6,176
Non-cash stock-based compensation (double-trigger acceleration and severance)		48		2,004		1,070
Impairment costs of abandoned technology		—		3,320		—
Loss contracts (lease related)		—		—		2,500
Total merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs		$	2,424	$	7,468	$	37,778

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company incurred costs of zero and $7.5 million, respectively, and $2.4 million and $37.8 million, respectively, primarily related to restructuring expenses and costs associated with the acquisitions of SpotX and SpringServe.

Accrued restructuring costs related to mergers and acquisitions were $1.4 million and $2.7 million at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and were primarily related to the SpotX Acquisition, the SpringServe Acquisition, and the Telaria Merger. Accrued restructuring costs associated with personnel costs are included within accounts payable and accrued expenses and accruals related to the assumed loss contracts are included within other current liabilities and other liabilities, non-current on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets.


	(in thousands)
Accrued restructuring costs at December 31, 2021	$	2,742
Restructuring costs, personnel related and non-cash stock-based compensation	3,231
Restructuring costs, impairments	3,320

Cash paid for restructuring costs	(2,571)

Non-cash impairments	(3,320)
Non-cash stock-based compensation	(2,004)
Accrued restructuring costs at September 30, 2022	$	1,398

Note 9—Stock-Based Compensation

In connection with its IPO, the Company implemented its 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, which governs equity awards made to employees and directors of the Company since the IPO. Prior to the IPO, the Company granted equity awards under its 2007 Stock Incentive Plan, which governs equity awards made to employees and contractors prior to the IPO. In November 2014, the Company approved the 2014 Inducement Grant Equity Incentive Plan (the "Inducement Plan"), which governs certain equity awards made to certain employees in connection with commencement of employment. In connection with the Company's acquisitions of Chango Inc. ("Chango"), iSocket, Inc. ("iSocket"), and nToggle, Inc. ("nToggle") it assumed the existing employee equity award plans, the 2009 Chango Stock Option Plan (the "Chango Plan"), the iSocket 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the "iSocket Plan"), and the nToggle 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the "nToggle Plan"). In connection with the Merger with Telaria, the Company assumed Telaria's 2013 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the "Telaria Plan"); the 2008 Stock Plan, as amended (the "2008 Stock Plan"); and the ScanScout, Inc. 2009 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the "ScanScout Plan"). All compensatory equity awards outstanding at September 30, 2022 were issued pursuant to the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, the nToggle Plan, the Telaria Plan, the 2008 Stock Plan, the Inducement Plan, or the Company's 2007 Stock Incentive Plan.

The Company’s equity incentive plans provide for the grant of equity awards, including non-statutory or incentive stock options, restricted stock awards ("RSAs"), restricted stock units that vest based on continuous service ("RSUs"), and restricted stock units that include performance criteria (“performance stock units” or "PSUs"), to the Company's employees, officers, directors, and consultants. The Company's board of directors administers the plans. Options vest based upon continued service at varying rates, but generally over four years from issuance with 25% vesting after one year of service and the remainder vesting monthly thereafter. RSAs and RSUs vest at varying rates, typically approximately 25% vesting after approximately one year of service and the remainder vesting annually, semi-annually, or quarterly thereafter. The restricted stock units granted in 2022 included 0.4 million

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awards that vest 50% on each of the first and second anniversaries of the grant date. Options, RSAs, and RSUs granted under the plans accelerate under certain circumstances for certain participants upon a change in control, as defined in the governing plan. No further awards were granted under the iSocket Plan, the Chango Plan, or the nToggle Plan from the date of acquisition and no further awards were granted under the 2007 Stock Incentive Plan since the IPO. Available shares under the nToggle Plan and the Telaria Plan were rolled into the available share pool under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan at the time of acquisition of each company, and available shares under the 2007 Stock Incentive Plan were rolled into the available share pool under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan at the time of the IPO. An aggregate of 14,322,384 shares remained available for future grants at September 30, 2022 under the plans. The 2014 Equity Incentive Plan has an evergreen provision pursuant to which the share reserve will automatically increase on January 1st of each year in an amount equal to 5% of the total number of shares of capital stock outstanding on December 31st of the preceding calendar year, although the Company’s board of directors may provide for a lesser increase, or no increase, in any year. The 2014 Inducement Grant Equity Incentive Plan has a provision pursuant to which the share reserve may be increased at the discretion of the Company's board of directors.

Stock Options

A summary of stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 is as follows:


	Shares Under Option	Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Contractual Life	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
	(in thousands)				(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2021	5,129	$	7.25
Granted	699	$	13.90
Exercised	(514)	$	3.45
Expired	(391)	$	5.72
Forfeited	(123)	$	12.27
Outstanding at September 30, 2022	4,800	$	8.62	5.7 years	$	6,100
Exercisable at September 30, 2022	3,583	$	6.87	4.8 years	$	5,556

The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $4.6 million. At September 30, 2022, the Company had unrecognized employee stock-based compensation expense relating to nonvested stock options of approximately $9.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.5 years. Total fair value of options vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $4.4 million.

The Company estimates the fair value of stock options that contain service and/or performance conditions using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The grant date fair value of options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $8.93 per share. The weighted-average input assumptions used by the Company were as follows:


	Three Months Ended			Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022	September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
Expected term (in years)	N/A	5.0		5.0		5.0
Risk-free interest rate	N/A	0.90	%	1.63	%	0.88	%
Expected volatility	N/A	79	%	79	%	79	%
Dividend yield	N/A	—	%	—	%	—	%

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Restricted Stock Units

A summary of restricted stock unit activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 is as follows:


	Number of Shares		Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Restricted stock units outstanding at December 31, 2021	6,634		$	18.39
Granted	7,368		$	13.43
Canceled	(1,362)		$	15.71
Vested and released	(2,670)		$	15.83
Restricted stock units outstanding at September 30, 2022	9,970		$	15.78
Restricted stock units outstanding and unvested*	9,952	*	$	15.79
*At September 30, 2022, outstanding restricted stock units included 18,436 units that were vested but deferred.

The weighted-average grant date fair value per share of restricted stock units granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $13.43. The aggregate fair value of restricted stock units that vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $30.3 million. At September 30, 2022, the intrinsic value of unvested restricted stock units was $65.4 million. At September 30, 2022, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation expense relating to unvested restricted stock units of approximately $135.1 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.8 years.

Performance Stock Units

In April 2020, April 2021, and February 2022, the Company granted the Company's CEO 146,341, 26,291, and 86,806 performance stock units that vest based on share price metrics tied to total shareholder return over a three-year period with a fair value of $0.9 million, $1.4 million, and $1.5 million, respectively. The grant date fair value per share of these grants was $6.15, $52.49, and $17.28, respectively, which was estimated using a Monte-Carlo lattice model. At September 30, 2022, the Company had unrecognized employee stock-based compensation expense for the April 2020, April 2021, and February 2022 grants of approximately $0.2 million, $0.7 million, and $1.2 million, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining 0.5 years, 1.5 years, and 2.3 years, respectively. Between 0% and 150% of the performance stock units will vest on the third anniversary of its grant date.

In August 2021, the Company granted the Company's CEO 379,635 performance stock units, which are subject to both time-based and performance-based vesting conditions. The performance stock units consist of three equal tranches (each, a "Performance Tranche"), based on achievement of a share price condition if the Company achieves share price targets of $60.00, $80.00, and $100.00, respectively, over 60 consecutive trading days during a performance period commencing on August 26, 2022 and ending on August 26, 2026. To the extent any of the performance-based requirements are met, the Company's CEO must also provide continued service to the Company through at least August 26, 2024 to receive any shares of common stock underlying the grant and through August 26, 2026 to receive all of the shares of common stock underlying the performance units that have satisfied the applicable performance-based requirement.

The fair value of each of the Performance Tranches was $3.0 million, $2.8 million, and $2.6 million, respectively, and have a grant date fair value per share of restricted stock of $23.94, $21.93, and $20.30, respectively, which was estimated using a Monte-Carlo lattice model. At September 30, 2022, the Company had unrecognized employee stock-based compensation expense of approximately $1.9 million, $2.0 million, and $2.0 million, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining 1.9 years, 2.9 years, and 3.9 years, respectively. Between 0% and 100% of the performance stock units will vest on each of the tranche dates.

During the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized $0.9 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation related to these performance stock units. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized $2.6 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation related to these performance stock units. Stock-based compensation expense for these awards is based on a performance measurement of 100%. The compensation expense will not be reversed if the performance metrics are not met.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In November 2013, the Company adopted the Company's 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP"). The ESPP is designed to enable eligible employees to periodically purchase shares of the Company's common stock at a discount through payroll deductions of up to 10% of their eligible compensation, subject to any plan limitations. At the end of each six-month offering period, employees are able to purchase shares at a price per share equal to 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the

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Company's common stock on the first trading day of the offering period or on the last trading day of the offering period. Offering periods generally commence and end in May and November of each year.

As of September 30, 2022, the Company has reserved 4,018,635 shares of its common stock for issuance under the ESPP. The ESPP has an evergreen provision pursuant to which the share reserve will automatically increase on January 1st of each year in an amount equal to 1% of the total number of shares of capital stock outstanding on December 31st of the preceding calendar year, although the Company’s board of directors may provide for a lesser increase, or no increase, in any year.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Total stock-based compensation expense recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations was as follows:


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands)				(in thousands)
Cost of revenue	$	424	$	278	$	1,191	$	530
Sales and marketing	5,491		4,583		16,257		10,426
Technology and development	6,576		3,828		16,645		8,195
General and administrative	4,911		3,087		14,096		8,299
Merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs	—		48		2,004		1,071
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	17,402	$	11,824	$	50,193	$	28,521

Note 10—Income Taxes

In determining quarterly provisions for income taxes, the Company uses the annual estimated effective tax rate applied to the actual year-to-date income. The Company's annual estimated effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate primarily as a result of state taxes, foreign taxes, deductible stock option expenses, nondeductible executive compensation, and changes in the Company's valuation allowance.

The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $0.4 million and $4.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and an income tax benefit of $2.5 million and $92.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The tax benefit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 is primarily the result of recognizing the benefit of DTAs previously subject to the domestic valuation allowance and the foreign income tax provision. The tax benefit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 was primarily the result of the deferred tax liability associated with acquisitions that occurred during the year and the tax liability associated with foreign subsidiaries. The net deferred tax liabilities recorded in connection with the prior year acquisitions and our current year taxable income provided additional sources of taxable income to support the realizability of pre-existing DTAs. The Company continues to maintain a partial valuation allowance for the domestic DTAs.

On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”) into law. The IRA includes a new corporate alternative minimum tax (the “Corporate AMT”) of 15% on the adjusted financial statement income (the “AFSI”) of corporations with average AFSI exceeding $1.0 billion over a three-year period. The Corporate AMT is effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022 and is not expected to impact the Company. Additionally, the IRA imposes an excise tax of 1% on the fair market value of net stock repurchases made after December 31, 2022. The impact of this latter provision to the Company will be dependent upon the extent of share repurchases made in future periods.

Due to uncertainty as to the realization of benefits from the Company's domestic and certain international DTAs, including net operating loss carryforwards and research and development tax credits, the Company has a partial valuation allowance reserved against such assets. The Company intends to continue to maintain a partial valuation allowance on the DTAs until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some additional portion of these allowances.

Due to the net operating loss carryforwards, all of the Company's United States federal and a majority of its state returns are open to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and state jurisdictions for all years since inception. The 2017 U.S. Income Tax Return for Telaria, Inc. was under examination by the IRS, which was closed during the period ended June 30, 2021 with no change to tax as reported. For the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, all tax years remain open for examination by the local country tax authorities, for France only 2018 forward are open for examination, for Singapore 2017 and forward are open for examination, for Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, and Malaysia 2016 and forward are open for examination, and for Japan 2014 and forward remain open for examination.

Pursuant to Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, the Company and Telaria, Inc. both underwent ownership changes for tax purposes (i.e. a more than 50% change in stock ownership in aggregated 5% shareholders) on April 1, 2020 due to the

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Telaria Merger. As a result, the use of our total domestic NOL carryforwards and tax credits generated prior to the ownership change will be subject to annual use limitations under Section 382 and Section 383 of the Code and comparable state income tax laws. The Company believes that the ownership change will not impact our ability to utilize substantially all of our NOLs and state research and development carryforward tax credits to the extent it will generate taxable income that can be offset by such losses. The Company reasonably expects its pre-2021 federal research and development carryforward tax credits will not be recovered prior to expiration.

There was no material change to the Company's unrecognized tax benefits in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and the Company does not expect to have any material changes to unrecognized tax benefits through the end of the fiscal year.

Note 11—Lease Obligations

For the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized $5.9 million and $4.9 million, respectively, and $17.0 million and $15.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, of lease expense under ASC 842, which included operating lease expenses associated with leases included in the lease liability and right of use ("ROU") asset on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. For short-term leases not included in the Company's ROU asset and lease liability balances, the Company recognized $0.3 million and $0.4 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $0.9 million and $1.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, of lease expense. In addition, the Company recognized $15.1 million and $9.9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $39.3 million and $24.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, of variable and cloud-based services expense related to data centers that are not included in the ROU asset or lease liability balances.

The Company also received rental income of $1.3 million and $1.0 million for real estate leases for which it subleases the property to third parties during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $3.9 million and $3.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

As of September 30, 2022, a weighted average discount rate of 5.83% has been applied to the remaining lease payments to calculate the lease liabilities included within the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The lease terms of the Company’s operating leases generally range from one year to ten years, and the weighted average remaining lease term of leases included in the lease liability is 5.9 years as of September 30, 2022.

The maturity of the Company's lease liabilities associated with leases included in the lease liability and ROU asset were as follows as of September 30, 2022 (in thousands):


Fiscal Year
Remaining 2022	$	6,183
2023	22,676
2024	19,806
2025	12,057
2026	9,976
Thereafter	28,164
Total lease payments (undiscounted)	98,862
Less: imputed interest	(15,122)
Lease liabilities—total (discounted)	$	83,740

In addition to the lease liabilities included in these condensed consolidated financial statements at September 30, 2022, during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company entered into agreements for office space and data centers that have not commenced as of September 30, 2022; therefore, they are not included in the lease liability on the balance sheet as of September 30, 2022. The Company has future commitments totaling $6.8 million with a weighted average term of 3.2 years.

Note 12—Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments

The Company has commitments under non-cancelable operating leases for facilities, certain equipment, and its managed data center facilities (Note 11).

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had $5.3 million and $5.1 million, respectively, of letters of credit associated with office leases available for borrowing, of which there were no outstanding borrowings as of either date.

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In the normal course of business, the Company enters into non-cancelable contractual obligations with various parties, primarily related to software services agreements and data center providers that are not included in the Company's lease liability obligations and ROU assets. As of September 30, 2022, the Company's outstanding non-cancelable contractual obligations with a remaining term of one year or longer consist of the following (in thousands):


Fiscal Year
Remaining 2022	$	808
2023	7,509
2024	5,478
2025	1,177


Total	$	14,972

Additionally, as of September 30, 2022, the Company has an agreement for third-party cloud-managed services containing commitments that are variable in nature. Under this agreement, the Company has a non-cancelable minimum spend commitment from July 2023 to June 2025 based on actual spend, as defined in the agreement, with the third-party provider from July 2022 to June 2023. The estimated non-cancelable minimum obligation for July 2023 to June 2025 is $21 million based on spend in the three months ended September 30, 2022. Per the agreement, the commitment from July 2023 to June 2025 will generally increase as the amount of spend during the period from July 2022 to June 2023 increases. Because the Company expects to continue to spend under this agreement through June 2023, the Company also expects that the minimum future commitment will increase as a result of the higher level of spend.

Guarantees and Indemnification

The Company’s agreements with sellers, buyers, and other third parties typically obligate the Company to provide indemnity and defense for losses resulting from claims of intellectual property infringement, damages to property or persons, business losses, or other liabilities. Generally, these indemnity and defense obligations relate to the Company’s own business operations, obligations, and acts or omissions. However, under some circumstances, the Company agrees to indemnify and defend contract counterparties against losses resulting from their own business operations, obligations, and acts or omissions, or the business operations, obligations, and acts or omissions of third parties. For example, because the Company’s business interposes the Company between buyers and sellers in various ways, buyers often require the Company to indemnify them against acts and omissions of sellers, and sellers often require the Company to indemnify them against acts and omissions of buyers. In addition, the Company’s agreements with sellers, buyers, and other third parties typically include provisions limiting the Company’s liability to the counterparty, and the counterparty’s liability to the Company. These limits sometimes do not apply to certain liabilities, including indemnity obligations. These indemnity and limitation of liability provisions generally survive termination or expiration of the agreements in which they appear. The Company has also entered into indemnification agreements with its directors, executive officers, and certain other officers that will require the Company, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers, or employees. No material demands have been made upon the Company to provide indemnification under such agreements and there are no claims that the Company is aware of that could have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Litigation

The Company and its subsidiaries may from time to time be parties to legal or regulatory proceedings, lawsuits and other claims incident to their business activities and to the Company’s status as a public company. Such matters may include, among other things, assertions of contract breach or intellectual property infringement, claims for indemnity arising in the course of the Company’s business, regulatory investigations or enforcement proceedings, and claims by persons whose employment has been terminated. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties, and outcomes are not predictable with assurance. Consequently, management is unable to ascertain the ultimate aggregate amount of monetary liability, amounts which may be covered by insurance or recoverable from third parties, or the financial impact with respect to such matters as of September 30, 2022. However, based on management’s knowledge as of September 30, 2022, management believes that the final resolution of these matters known at such date, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect upon the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Employment Contracts

The Company has entered into severance agreements with certain employees and officers. The Company may be required to pay severance and accelerate the vesting of certain equity awards in the event of involuntary terminations.

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Note 13—Debt

Long term debt as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 consisted of the following:


	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(in thousands)
Convertible Senior Notes	$	400,000	$	400,000
Less: Unamortized debt issuance cost	(7,927)		(9,643)
Net	392,073		390,357
Term Loan B Facility	355,500		358,200
Less: Unamortized discount and debt issuance cost	(21,896)		(24,934)
Net	333,604		333,266
Less: Current portion	(3,600)		(3,600)
Total non-current debt	$	722,077	$	720,023

Maturities of the principal amount of the Company's long-term debt as of September 30, 2022 are as follows (in thousands):


Fiscal Year
Remaining 2022	$	900
2023	3,600
2024	3,600
2025	3,600
2026	403,600
Thereafter	340,200
Total	$	755,500

Amortization of the debt issuance cost and the discount associated with our indebtedness totaled $1.6 million and $4.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, and $1.6 million and $2.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively. Amortization of debt issuance costs is computed using the effective interest method and is included in interest expense. In addition, amortization of deferred financing costs was $0.1 million and $0.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, and $0.1 million and $0.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively. Deferred financing costs are included within prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets, non-current assets.

Convertible Senior Notes and Capped Call Transactions

In March 2021, the Company issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.25% convertible senior notes in a private placement, including $50.0 million aggregate principal amount of such notes pursuant to the exercise in full of the over-allotment options of the initial purchasers (collectively, the "Convertible Senior Notes"). The Convertible Senior Notes will mature on March 15, 2026, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted. The total net proceeds from the offering, after deducting debt issuance costs, paid by the Company, were approximately $388.6 million. The Company used approximately $39.0 million of the net proceeds from the offering to pay for the Capped Call Transactions (as described below).

The Convertible Senior Notes are senior, unsecured obligations and are (i) equal in right of payment with the existing and future senior, unsecured indebtedness; (ii) senior in right of payment to any of the Company’s future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated to the Convertible Senior Notes; (iii) effectively subordinated to the Company’s existing and future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing that indebtedness, including amounts outstanding under our Loan Agreement or our new Credit Agreement (see section below); and (iv) structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities, including trade payables, and (to the extent we are not a holder thereof) preferred equity, if any, of the Company’s subsidiaries that do not guarantee the Convertible Senior Notes.

The Convertible Senior Notes accrue interest at 0.25% per annum payable semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year, beginning on September 15, 2021. The Convertible Senior Notes will mature on March 15, 2026 unless they are redeemed, repurchased or converted prior to such date. The Convertible Senior Notes are convertible at the option of holders only during certain periods and upon satisfaction of certain conditions.

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Holders have the right to convert their notes (or any portion of a note in an authorized denomination), in the following circumstances: (i) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on June 30, 2021, if the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock exceeds 130% of the conversion price for each of at least 20 trading days during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter; (ii) during the five consecutive business days immediately after any ten consecutive trading day period (such ten consecutive trading day period, the "measurement period") in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock on such trading day and the conversion rate on such trading day; (iii) upon the occurrence of certain corporate events or distributions on the Company’s common stock; (iv) if the Company calls such Convertible Senior Notes for redemption; and (v) on or after September 15, 2025, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, holders of the Convertible Senior Notes may, at their option, convert all or a portion of their Convertible Senior Notes regardless of the foregoing conditions at any time from, and including, September 15, 2025 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date.

Upon conversion, the Convertible Senior Notes may be settled in shares of the Company’s common stock, cash or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s election. All conversions with a conversion date that occurs on or after September 15, 2025 will be settled using the same settlement method, and the Company will send notice of such settlement method to noteholders no later than the open of business on September 15, 2025.

The Company may not redeem the Convertible Senior Notes at their option at any time before March 20, 2024. Subject to the terms of the indenture agreement, the Company has the right, at its election, to redeem all, or any portion (subject to the partial redemption limitation) in an authorized denomination, of the Convertible Senior Notes, at any time, and from time to time, on a redemption date on or after March 20, 2024 and on or before the 40th scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, for cash, but only if the "last reported sale price," as defined under the Offering Memorandum, per share of common stock exceeds 130% of the “conversion price” on (i) each of at least 20 trading days, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends the related redemption notice; and (ii) the trading day immediately before the date we send such notice. In addition, calling any note for redemption will constitute a "make-whole fundamental change" (as defined below) with respect to that note, in which case the conversion rate applicable to the conversion of that note will be increased in certain circumstances if it is converted after it is called for redemption. If the Company elects to redeem less than all of the outstanding notes, then the redemption will not constitute a make-whole fundamental change with respect to the notes not called for redemption, and holders of the notes not called for redemption will not be entitled to an increased conversion rate for such notes as described above on account of the redemption, except to the limited extent described further below. No sinking fund is provided for the Convertible Senior Notes, which means that the Company is not required to redeem or retire the Convertible Senior Notes periodically.

If a fundamental change occurs, then each noteholder will have the right to require the Company to repurchase its notes (or any portion thereof in an authorized denomination) for cash on a date (the "fundamental change repurchase date") of the Company’s choosing, which must be a business day that is no more than 45, nor less than 20, business days after the date the Company distributes the related fundamental change notice.

If an event of default, other than a reporting default remedied by special interest as defined in the indenture agreement, occurs with respect to the Company or any guarantor, then the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the notes then outstanding will immediately become due and payable without any further action or notice by any person. If an event of default (other than a reporting event of default described above with respect to the Company or any guarantor and not solely with respect to a significant subsidiary of the Company’s or a guarantor, other than the Company or such guarantor) occurs and is continuing, then, the trustee, by notice to the Company, or noteholders of at least 25% of the aggregate principal amount of notes then outstanding, by written notice to the Company and the trustee, may declare the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the notes then outstanding to become due and payable immediately.

The Convertible Senior Notes have an initial conversion rate of 15.6539 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes, which will be subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments in certain circumstances.

In connection with the pricing of the Convertible Senior Notes, the Company entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions with various financial institutions (the "Capped Call Transactions"). The Capped Call Transactions were entered into with third party broker-dealers to limit the potential dilution that would occur if the Company has to settle the conversion value in excess of the principal in shares. This exposure will be covered (i.e., the Company will receive as many shares as are required to be issued between the conversion price of $63.8818 and the maximum price of $91.2600). Any shares required to be issued by the Company over this amount would have net earnings per share dilution impact. By entering into the Capped Call Transactions, the Company expects to reduce the potential dilution to its common stock (or, in the event the conversion is settled in cash, to reduce its cash payment obligation) in the event that at the time of conversion its stock price exceeds the conversion price under the Convertible Senior Notes. The Company paid $39.0 million for the Capped Call Transactions, which was recorded as additional paid-in capital, using a portion of the gross proceeds from the sale of the Convertible Senior Notes. The cost of the Capped Call

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Transactions is not expected to be tax deductible as the Company did not elect to integrate the capped call into the Convertible Senior Notes for tax purposes. The cost of the Capped Call Transaction was recorded as a reduction of the Company’s additional paid-in capital in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company incurred debt issuance costs of $11.4 million in March 2021. The Convertible Senior Notes are presented net of issuance costs on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets. The debt issuance costs are amortized on an effective interest basis over the term of the Convertible Senior Notes and are included in interest expense and amortization of debt discount in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. The following table sets forth interest expense related to the Convertible Senior Notes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands, except interest rates):


	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022			September 30, 2021			September 30, 2022			September 30, 2021

Contractual interest expense	$	250		$	250		$	750		$	536
Amortization of debt issuance costs	572			572			1,716			1,227
Total interest expense	$	822		$	822		$	2,466		$	1,763
Effective interest rate	0.82		%	0.82		%	0.82		%	0.82		%

Amortization expense for the Company's debt issuance costs related to the Convertible Senior Notes for the fiscal years 2022 through 2026 is as follows (in thousands):


Fiscal Year	Debt Issuance Costs
Remaining 2022	$	572
2023	2,288
2024	2,288
2025	2,288
2026	491
Total	$	7,927

Credit Agreement

On April 30, 2021, the Company entered into a credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with Goldman Sachs Bank USA as administrative agent and collateral agent, and other lender parties thereto. The Credit Agreement provides for a $360.0 million seven-year senior secured term loan facility ("Term Loan B Facility") and a $52.5 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility"). As part of the Term Loan B Facility, the Company received $325 million in proceeds, net of discounts and fees, which were used to finance the SpotX Acquisition and related transactions, and for general corporate purposes. Loans, if any, under the Revolving Credit Facility are expected to be used for general corporate purposes. The obligations under the Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company and those of its subsidiaries that are guarantors under the Credit Agreement.

Amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement accrue interest at a rate equal to either, (1) for the Term Loan B Facility, at the Company’s election, the Eurodollar Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus a margin of 5.00% per annum, or ABR (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus a margin of 4.00%, and (2) for the Revolving Credit Facility, at the Company’s election, the Eurodollar Rate plus a margin of 4.25% to 4.75%, or ABR plus a margin of 3.25% to 3.75%, in each case, depending on the Company’s first lien net leverage ratio. As of September 30, 2022, the contractual interest rate related to the Term Loan B Facility was 8.17%.

The covenants of the Credit Agreement include customary negative covenants that, among other things, restrict the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness, grant liens and make certain acquisitions, investments, asset dispositions and restricted payments. In addition, the Credit Agreement contains a financial covenant, tested on the last day of any fiscal quarter if utilization of the Revolving Credit Facility exceeds 35% of the total revolving commitments, that requires the Company to maintain a first lien net leverage ratio not greater than 3.25 to 1.00. As of September 30, 2022, the Company was in compliance with its debt covenants.

The Credit Agreement includes customary events of default, and customary rights and remedies upon the occurrence of any event of default thereunder, including rights to accelerate the loans, terminate the commitments thereunder and realize upon the collateral securing the obligations under the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement calls for customary scheduled loan amortization payments of 0.25% of the initial principal balance payable quarterly (i.e. 1% in aggregate per year) as well as a provision that requires the Company to prepay the Term Loan B based on an annual calculation of cumulative free cash flow

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("Excess Cash Flow") generated by the company as defined within the terms of the Agreement. The Company was not required to make any such mandatory prepayment required by the Excess Cash Flow provision for the period ended September 30, 2022.

On June 28, 2021, the Company entered into an Incremental Assumption Agreement (the "Incremental Agreement") to the Credit Agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the Incremental Agreement, the Company’s existing revolving credit facility under the Credit Agreement was increased by $12.5 million (the "Incremental Revolver"), and the letter of credit sublimit under the Credit Agreement was increased by $5.0 million. The Incremental Revolver bears the same interest rate as the existing revolving credit facility and has the same maturity date as the existing revolving credit facility. No other terms of the Credit Agreement were amended. As a result, amounts available under the Revolving Credit Facility were $65.0 million. At September 30, 2022, amounts available under the Revolving Credit Facility were $59.7 million, net of letters of credit outstanding in the amount of $5.3 million.

The following table summarizes the amount outstanding under the Term Loan B Facility at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:


	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(in thousands)
Term Loan B Facility	$	355,500	$	358,200
Unamortized debt discounts	(8,552)		(9,738)
Unamortized debt issuance costs	(13,344)		(15,196)
Debt, net of debt issuance costs	$	333,604	$	333,266

The Company incurred debt issuance costs of $27.7 million in April 2021, of which $10.8 million were associated with debt discount netted against the proceeds and $16.9 million were associated with other deferred financing costs associated with the Term Loan B Facility. Debt outstanding under the Term Loan B Facility are presented net of issuance costs on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets. The debt issuance costs are amortized on an effective interest basis over the term of the Term Loan B Facility and are included in interest expense and amortization of debt discount in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The following table sets forth interest expense related to the Term Loan B Facility for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands, except interest rates):


	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022			September 30, 2021			September 30, 2022			September 30, 2021

Contractual interest expense	$	6,052		$	5,290		$	16,472		$	8,798
Amortization of debt discount	394			399			1,186			664
Amortization of debt issuance costs	616			622			1,852			1,036
Total interest expense	$	7,062		$	6,311		$	19,510		$	10,498
Effective interest rate	7.93		%	7.00		%	7.28		%	7.00		%

Amortization expense for the Term Loan B Facility debt discount and debt issuance costs for fiscal years 2022 through 2028 is as follows (in thousands):


Fiscal Year	Debt Discount		Debt Issuance Costs
Remaining 2022	$	394	$	614
2023	1,564		2,441
2024	1,548		2,416
2025	1,532		2,391
2026	1,516		2,366
Thereafter	1,998		3,116
Total	$	8,552	$	13,344

Note 14—Subsequent Events

In December 2021, the Company's Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program (the "Program") under which the Company was authorized to purchase up to $50.0 million of its common stock from December 10, 2021 through December 10,

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2022. On November 4, 2022, the Board of Directors approved an extension of the Program through December 15, 2023. Subsequent to September 30, 2022, the Company has not repurchased additional shares through the Program, of which approximately $28.3 million remain available for future repurchases.

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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and related statements by the Company contain forward-looking statements, including statements based upon or relating to our expectations, assumptions, estimates, and projections. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as "may," "might," "will," "objective," "intend," "should," "could," "can," "would," "expect," "believe," "design," "anticipate," "estimate," "predict," "potential," "plan" or the negative of these terms, and similar expressions. Forward-looking statements may include, but are not limited to, statements concerning acquisitions by the Company, including the acquisition of SpotX, Inc. ("SpotX," and such acquisition the "SpotX Acquisition"), the acquisition of SpringServe, LLC ("SpringServe," and such acquisition the "SpringServe Acquisition"), and the merger with Telaria, Inc. ("Telaria," and such merger the "Telaria Merger"), or the anticipated benefits thereof; statements concerning potential synergies from the Company's acquisitions; statements concerning the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business operations, financial condition, and results of operations and on the world economy; statements concerning macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, supply chain issues or the occurrence of a recession, or concerns related thereto; our anticipated financial performance; key strategic objectives; industry growth rates for ad-supported connected television ("CTV") and the shift in video consumption from linear TV to CTV; anticipated benefits of new offerings; the impact of our traffic shaping technology on our business; the effects of our cost reduction initiatives; scope and duration of client relationships; the fees we may charge in the future; business mix; sales growth; benefits from supply path optimization; the development of identity solutions; client utilization of our offerings; our competitive differentiation; our market share and leadership position in the industry; market conditions, trends, and opportunities; certain statements regarding future operational performance measures; and other statements that are not historical facts. These statements are not guarantees of future performance; they reflect our current views with respect to future events and are based on assumptions and estimates and subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from expectations or results projected or implied by forward-looking statements.

Risks that our business faces include, but are not limited to, the following:

•our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the Telaria Merger, SpotX Acquisition, SpringServe Acquisition, and other acquisitions;

•the impact of macroeconomic challenges on the advertising marketplace, including as a result of global conflict, inflation, supply chain issues, the occurrence of a recession, or concerns relating to the foregoing;

•the severity, magnitude, and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, including impacts of the pandemic and of responses to the pandemic by governments;

•CTV spend on our platform may grow more slowly than we expect if industry growth rates for ad supported CTV are not accurate, if CTV sellers fail to adopt programmatic advertising solutions or if we are unable to maintain or increase access to CTV advertising inventory;

•the growing percentage of digital advertising spend captured by closed “walled gardens” (such as Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Comcast, and Amazon);

•we may be unsuccessful in our supply path optimization efforts;

•our ability to introduce new offerings and bring them to market in a timely manner, and otherwise adapt in response to client demands and industry trends;

•uncertainty of our estimates and expectations associated with new offerings, including the CTV ad server product that we acquired in the SpringServe Acquisition and our developing identity solutions;

•we must increase the scale and efficiency of our technology infrastructure to support our growth;

•the emergence of header bidding has increased competition from other demand sources and may cause infrastructure strain and added costs;

•our access to mobile inventory may be limited by third-party technology or lack of direct relationships with mobile sellers;

•we may experience lower take rates, which may not be offset by increases in the volume of ad requests, improvements in fill-rate, and/or increases in the value of transactions through our platform;

•the impact of requests for discounts, fee concessions, rebates, refunds or favorable payment terms;

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•our history of losses, and the fact that in the past our operating results have and may in the future fluctuate significantly, be difficult to predict, and fall below analysts' and investors' expectations;

•the effects of seasonal trends on our results of operations;

•we operate in an intensely competitive market that includes companies that have greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we do;

•the effects of consolidation in the ad tech industry or among our media clients;

•our ability to differentiate our offerings and compete effectively to combat commodification and disintermediation;

•potential limitations on our ability to collect or use data as a result of consumer tools, regulatory restrictions and technological limitations;

•the development and use of new identity solutions as a replacement for third-party cookies and other identifiers may disrupt the programmatic ecosystem and cause the performance of our platform to decline;

•the industry may not adopt or may be slow to adopt the use of first-party publisher segments as an alternative to third-party cookies;

•the impact of antitrust regulations or enforcement actions targeting the digital advertising ecosystem;

•our ability to comply with, and the effect on our business of, evolving legal standards and regulations, particularly concerning data protection and privacy;

•failure by us or our clients to meet advertising and inventory content standards;

•the freedom of buyers and sellers to direct their spending and inventory to competing sources of inventory and demand, and to establish direct relationships and integrations without the use of our platform;

•our reliance on large aggregators of advertising inventory, and the concentration of CTV among a small number of large sellers that enjoy significant negotiating leverage;

•our ability to provide value to both buyers and sellers of advertising without being perceived as favoring one over the other or being perceived as competing with them through our service offerings;

•our reliance on large sources of advertising demand, including demand side platforms ("DSPs") that may have or develop high-risk credit profiles or fail to pay invoices when due;

•we may be exposed to claims from clients for breach of contracts;

•errors or failures in the operation of our solution, interruptions in our access to network infrastructure or data, and breaches of our computer systems;

•our ability to ensure a high level of brand safety for our clients and to detect "bot" traffic and other fraudulent or malicious activity;

•the use of our net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards may be subject to certain limitations;

•our business may be subject to sales and use tax, advertising and other taxes;

•our ability to raise additional capital if needed;

•the impact of our share repurchase program on our stock price and cash reserves;

•volatility in the price of our common stock;

•the impact of negative analyst or investor research reports;

•our ability to attract and retain qualified employees and key personnel;

•costs associated with enforcing our intellectual property rights or defending intellectual property infringement;

•our ability to comply with the terms of our financing arrangements;

•restrictions in our Credit Agreement may limit our ability to make strategic investments, respond to changing market conditions, or otherwise operate our business;

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•increases in our debt leverage may put us at greater risk of defaulting on our debt obligations, subject us to additional operating restrictions and make it more difficult to obtain future financing on favorable terms;

•conversion of our Convertible Senior Notes would dilute the ownership interest of existing stockholders;

•the Capped Call Transactions subject us to counterparty risk and may affect the value of the Convertible Senior Notes and our common stock;

•the conditional conversion feature of the Convertible Senior Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating result;

•failure to successfully execute our international growth plans; and

•our ability to identify future acquisitions of or investments in complementary companies or technologies and our ability to consummate the acquisitions and integrate such companies or technologies.

We discuss many of these risks and additional factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated by our forward-looking statements under the headings "Risk Factors" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," and elsewhere in this report and in other filings we have made and will make from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 and subsequent filings. These forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of the report in which they are included. Unless required by federal securities laws, we assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated, to reflect circumstances or events that occur after the statements are made. Without limiting the foregoing, any guidance we may provide will generally be given only in connection with quarterly and annual earnings announcements, without interim updates, and we may appear at industry conferences or make other public statements without disclosing material nonpublic information in our possession. Given these uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

Investors should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the documents that we reference in this report and have filed or will file with the SEC completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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Overview

Magnite, Inc., formerly known as The Rubicon Project, Inc. ("we," or "us"), provides technology solutions to automate the purchase and sale of digital advertising inventory.

On April 1, 2020, we completed a stock-for-stock merger with Telaria, Inc. ("Telaria" and such merger the "Telaria Merger"), a leading provider of connected television ("CTV") technology, and on April 30, 2021, we completed the acquisition of SpotX, Inc. ("SpotX" and such acquisition the "SpotX Acquisition"), a leading platform shaping CTV and video advertising globally.

Following the Telaria Merger and SpotX Acquisition, we believe that we are the world’s largest independent omni-channel sell-side advertising platform ("SSP"), offering a single partner for transacting globally across all channels, formats and auction types, and the largest independent programmatic CTV marketplace, making it easier for buyers to reach CTV audiences at scale from industry-leading streaming content providers, broadcasters, platforms and device manufacturers.

Our platform features applications and services for sellers of digital advertising inventory, or publishers, that own and operate CTV channels, applications, websites and other digital media properties, to manage and monetize their inventory; applications and services for buyers, including advertisers, agencies, agency trading desks, and demand side platforms, ("DSPs"), to buy digital advertising inventory; and a transparent, independent marketplace that brings buyers and sellers together and facilitates intelligent decision making and automated transaction execution at scale. Our clients include many of the world’s leading buyers and sellers of digital advertising inventory. Our platform processes trillions of ad requests per month allowing buyers access to a global, scaled, independent alternative to "walled gardens," who both own and sell inventory and maintain control on the demand side.

We provide a full suite of tools for sellers to control their advertising business and protect the consumer viewing experience. These tools are particularly important to CTV sellers who need to ensure a TV-like viewing and advertising experience for consumers. For instance, our "ad-pod" feature provides publishers with a tool analogous to commercial breaks in traditional linear television so that they can request and manage several ads at once from different demand sources. Using this tool, publishers can establish business rules such as competitive separation of advertisers to ensure that competing brand ads do not appear during the same commercial break. In addition, we offer audio normalization tools to control for the volume of an ad relative to content, frequency capping to avoid exposing viewers to repetitive ad placements, and creative review so that a publisher can review and approve the ad units being served to its properties.

On July 1, 2021, we acquired SpringServe, LLC ("SpringServe"), a leading ad serving platform for CTV. SpringServe's ad serving technology manages multiple aspects of video advertising, including for CTV publishers, across both programmatic and direct-sold inventory, including forecasting, routing, customized ad experiences and ad formats, and advanced podding logic. The integration of SpringServe’s ad serving technology with our existing programmatic SSP capabilities provides CTV publishers a holistic yield management solution that dynamically allocates between direct-sold and programmatic inventory to drive value.

Buyers leverage our platform to manage their advertising spend and reach their target audiences on brand-safe premium inventory, simplify order management and campaign tracking, obtain actionable insights into audiences for their advertising, and access impression-level purchasing from thousands of sellers. We believe that our scale, platform features, and omni-channel offering makes us an essential partner for buyers.

We operate our business on a worldwide basis, with an established operating presence in North America, Australia and Europe, and a developing presence in Asia and South America. Our non-U.S. subsidiaries and operations perform primarily sales, marketing, and service functions.

Our global workforce maintained a work-from-home policy from March 2020 through April 2022 and, in most of our locations, have since returned to offices on a hybrid basis. We have approached our return with caution to prioritize the safety and health of our employees, and continue to monitor best practices and guidance. We believe our employees were able to work productively during the time period in which our global offices were shut down and will continue to do so in office. However, to the extent we must extend work from home requirements, or that work patterns are permanently altered, it is unclear how productivity may be impacted in the long-term.

How We Generate Revenue

Digital advertising inventory is created when consumers access sellers' content. Sellers provide digital advertising inventory to our platform in the form of advertising requests, or ad requests. When we receive ad requests from sellers, we send bid requests to buyers, which enable buyers to bid on sellers’ digital advertising inventory. Winning bids can create advertising, or paid impressions, for the seller to present to the consumer. The price that buyers pay for each thousand paid impressions purchased is

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measured in units referred to as CPM, or cost per thousand, and the total volume of spending between buyers and sellers on our platform is referred to as advertising spend.

Industry Trends

Continued Shift Toward Digital Advertising

Consumers are rapidly shifting their viewing habits towards digital mediums and expect to be able to consume content seamlessly across multiple devices, including computers, tablets, smartphones, and CTVs whenever and wherever they want. As digital content consumption continues to proliferate, we believe the percentage of advertising dollars spent through digital channels will continue to grow.

Automation of Buying and Selling

Due to the size and complexity of the advertising ecosystem and purchasing process, manual processes cannot effectively manage digital advertising inventory at scale. In addition, both buyers and sellers are demanding more transparency, better controls and more relevant insights from their advertising inventory purchases and sales. This has created a need for software solutions, known as programmatic advertising, that automate the process for planning, buying, selling and measuring digital advertising across screens. Programmatic advertising allows buyers and sellers to transact on an impression-by-impression basis through the use of real-time bidding technology, and allows for the use of advanced data and identity solutions to better target ad campaigns. Programmatic transactions include open auctions, where multiple buyers bid against each other in a real-time auction for the right to purchase a publisher's inventory, as well as reserve auctions, where publishers establish direct deals or private marketplaces with select buyers. Programmatic is the dominant method of transacting for desktop and mobile inventory and has continued to grow as a percentage of CTV advertising, which represents a substantial majority of how CTV inventory is currently sold.

Convergence of TV and Digital

CTV viewership is growing rapidly and the pace of adoption is accelerating the transition of linear television to CTV programming. As the number of CTV channels continues to proliferate, we believe that ad-supported models or hybrid models that rely on a combination of subscription fees and advertising revenue will continue to gain traction. In turn, we believe brand advertisers looking to engage with streaming viewers will continue to shift their budgets from linear to CTV. Furthermore, as the CTV market continues to mature, we believe that a greater percentage of CTV advertising inventory will be sold programmatically, similar to trends that occurred in desktop and mobile. As such, we expect CTV to be a significant driver of our revenue growth for the foreseeable future. We expect the acquisitions of SpotX and SpringServe to further fuel this growth.

Identity Solutions

A number of participants in the advertising technology ecosystem have taken or are expected to take action to eliminate or restrict the use of third-party cookies and other primary identifiers that have historically been used to deliver targeted advertisements. We believe that the elimination of third-party cookies has the potential to shift the programmatic ecosystem from an identity model powered by buyers that are able to aggregate and target audiences through cookies to one enabled by sellers that have direct relationships with consumers and are therefore better positioned to obtain user data and consent for implementing first party identifiers. We believe that our platform and scale position us well to take a leadership position in advancing this shift and creating additional value opportunities for our clients. Accordingly, we have invested and intend to further invest in the development and enhancement of industry leading identity and audience solutions. In furtherance of this goal, in December 2021, we acquired Nth Party, Ltd. ("Nth Party"), a developer of cryptographic software for secure audience data sharing and analysis, and in February 2022, we acquired the business of Carbon (AI) Limited ("Carbon"), a platform that enables publishers to measure, manage, and monetize audience segments.

We support industry privacy initiatives and believe that the next generation of identity solutions need to be open and ubiquitous, with consumer privacy, transparency and control at the core. We further believe that these solutions will ultimately lead to greater trust and consumer confidence in digital advertising, which will be positive for the advertising ecosystem in the long term. In the short term, however, these changes could create some variability in our revenue across certain buyers or sellers, depending on the timing of changes and developed solutions.

Supply Path Optimization

Supply Path Optimization ("SPO") refers to efforts by buyers to consolidate the number of vendors with which they work to find the most effective and cost-efficient paths to procure media. SPO is important to buyers because it can increase the

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proportion of their advertising ultimately spent on working media, with the goal of increasing return on their advertising spend, and can help them gain efficiencies by reducing the number of vendors with which they work in a complex ecosystem. We believe we are well positioned to benefit from SPO in the long run as a result of our transparency, our broad and unique inventory supply across all channels and formats, including CTV, buyer tools, such as traffic shaping that reduce the cost of working with us, and our brand safety measures.

Header Bidding and Data Processing

Header bidding is a programmatic technique by which sellers offer inventory to multiple ad exchanges and supply side platforms, such as our platform, simultaneously. Header bidding has been rapidly adopted in recent years in the desktop and mobile channels and has experienced modest adoption in CTV. The adoption of header bidding has created a number of challenges and technical complexities for both sellers and buyers, which require sophisticated tools to manage. Header bidding has led to a significant increase in the number of ad impressions to be processed and analyzed through our platform as well as by DSPs, which can lead to increased costs if not properly addressed. We have invested in technology solutions, such as Demand Manager, to help publishers manage their header-bidding inventory.

Privacy Regulation

Our business is highly susceptible to emerging privacy regulations and oversight concerning the collection, use and sharing of data. Data protection authorities in a number of territories have expressed a desire to focus on the advertising technology ecosystem. Because we, and our clients, rely upon large volumes of such data, it is essential that we monitor developments in this area domestically and globally, and engage in responsible privacy practices.

We do not collect information, such as name, address, or phone number, that can be used directly to identify a real person, and we take steps not to collect and store such information. Instead, we rely on IP addresses, geo-location information, and persistent identifiers about Internet users and do not attempt to associate this data with other data that can be used to identify real people. This type of information is considered "personal" in some jurisdictions or otherwise may be the subject of future legislation or regulation.

There are also a number of specific laws and regulations governing the collection and use of certain types of consumer data relevant to our business. For example, the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act ("COPPA"), imposes restrictions on the collection and use of data about users of child-directed websites.

The use and transfer of personal data in the European Economic Area ("EEA") member states and the United Kingdom (“UK”) is currently governed by the General Data Protection Regulation and the UK General Data Protection Regulation (the "GDPR" and "UK GDPR"). The GDPR and UK GDPR set out higher potential liabilities for certain data protection violations and establish significant regulatory requirements resulting in a greater compliance burden for us in the course of delivering our solution in the EEA and UK. While data protection authorities have started to clarify certain requirements under GDPR and UK GDPR, significant uncertainty remains as to how the regulation will be applied and enforced.

In addition to the GDPR and UK GDPR, a number of new privacy regulations will or have already come into effect. The California legislature passed the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA") in 2018, which became effective January 1, 2020. This law imposes new obligations on businesses that handle the personal information of California residents. The obligations imposed require us to maintain ongoing significant resources for compliance purposes. Certain requirements remain unclear due to ambiguities in the drafting of or incomplete guidance. Adding to the uncertainty facing the ad tech industry, a new law, titled the California Privacy Rights Act ("CPRA"), which will take effect in January 2023, will cause us to incur additional compliance costs and impose additional restrictions on us and on our industry partners. In addition, other privacy bills have been introduced at both the state and federal level and certain international territories are imposing new or expanded privacy obligations. In the coming years, we expect further consumer privacy regulation worldwide.

Beyond laws and regulations, we are members of self-regulatory bodies that impose additional requirements related to the collection, use, and disclosure of consumer data, including the Internet Advertising Bureau ("IAB"), the Digital Advertising Alliance, the Network Advertising Initiative, and the Europe Interactive Digital Advertising Alliance. Under the requirements of these self-regulatory bodies, in addition to other compliance obligations, we provide consumers with notice via our privacy policy about our use of cookies and other technologies to collect consumer data, and of our collection and use of consumer data to deliver personalized advertisements. We allow consumers to opt-out from the use of data we collect for purposes of behavioral advertising through a mechanism on our website, linked through our privacy policy as well as through portals maintained by some of these self-regulatory bodies.

We support privacy initiatives and believe they will be beneficial to consumers' confidence in advertising technology, which will ultimately be positive for the advertising ecosystem in the long term. However, until prevailing compliance practices

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standardize, the impact of worldwide privacy regulations on our business and, consequently, our revenue could be negatively impacted.

For additional information regarding regulatory risks to our business, see "Item 1A. Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Trends in Our Business

Telaria Merger, SpotX and SpringServe Acquisitions

On April 1, 2020, we completed the Telaria Merger, and on April 30, 2021, we completed the SpotX Acquisition. These transactions were transformative and have resulted in what we believe to be the world’s largest independent sell-side advertising platform and ad server, with scale, capabilities, and solutions exceeding those offered by competitors. We offer a single partner for transacting CTV, desktop display, video, audio and mobile inventory across all geographies and auction types.

As CTV viewership is growing rapidly and the pace of adoption is accelerating the shift of advertising budgets from linear television to CTV, these transactions have strategically positioned us to take advantage of this trend, and we believe that CTV will be our biggest growth driver in future periods.

The SpotX Acquisition resulted in a significant increase in our revenue and Revenue ex-TAC (as defined in section "Key Operating and Financial Performance Metrics"), in particular in CTV and online video. Following the transaction, the percentage of our revenue attributable to CTV increased significantly, and because CTV is largely transacted through reserve auctions, these types of auctions have become a more significant portion of the transactions on our platform. The acquisition also resulted in an increase in related operating expenses, primarily associated with costs for personnel, data center and hosting costs, facilities, payments to sellers for revenue reported on a gross basis, and other ancillary costs to support the business. We have been able to offset some of these increases through cost saving activities and the achievement of acquisition synergies. Initially, we targeted in excess of $35 million in run rate operating cost synergies, over a two-year period, from the SpotX Acquisition, and have made significant progress towards this goal. Due to the evolving nature of our business since the acquisition we are no longer tracking synergies as a discrete cost saving activity. As part of our integration efforts, we are in the process of consolidating our legacy CTV and SpotX CTV platforms, including the migration of clients to the unified platform.

The SpringServe Acquisition, which we completed in July 2021, expanded our video and CTV offering to include ad server functionality in addition to our programmatic SSP capabilities. The SpringServe ad server manages multiple aspects of video advertising for both programmatic transactions and inventory sold directly by the publisher, including forecasting, routing, customized ad experiences and ad formats, and advanced podding logic. Combined with our SSP, the SpringServe ad server provides publishers a holistic yield management solution that works across their entire video advertising business to drive value. This is of particular importance for CTV publishers, who still sell a large percentage of their inventory through their direct sales team. We believe the acquisition of SpringServe is highly strategic as it allows us to offer publishers an independent full-stack solution to the walled gardens, which can be leveraged across their entire video advertising business.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Other Macroeconomic Developments

Our business depends on the overall demand for advertising and on the economic health of our current and prospective sellers and buyers. Accordingly, our business and operations have been, and could in the future be, adversely affected by events beyond our control, such as health epidemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical events, including the conflict in Ukraine, and economic and macroeconomic factors like labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, inflation and recessionary concerns impacting the markets and communities in which our clients operate.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and associated economic challenges, a significant number of advertisers, in particular with respect to certain categories of advertising that were particularly impacted by the pandemic and resulting stay-at-home orders, reduced their advertising budgets, resulting in an overall decrease in advertising spend through our platform compared to our pre-COVID expectations. We believe the negative impact on our revenue from the COVID-19 pandemic has largely subsided, although we did experience some negative impacts due to pandemic-related supply chain disruptions during the first half of 2022. More recently, our business has been negatively impacted as a result of macroeconomic challenges, such as inflation, global hostilities, recession, and other macroeconomic factors, which have generally negatively impacted ad budgets, and in turn led to reduced ad spend through our platform. Any worsening of macroeconomic conditions in future periods would likely have a negative effect on our financial results, the magnitude of which is difficult to predict. In addition, continued inflation could result in an increase in our cost base relative to our revenue.

Refer to Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 for additional information related to risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and other macroeconomic challenges.

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Components of Our Results of Operations

We report our financial results as one operating segment. Our consolidated operating results are regularly reviewed by our chief operating decision maker, principally to make decisions about how we allocate our resources and to measure our consolidated operating performance.

Revenue

We generate revenue from the use of our platform for the purchase and sale of digital advertising inventory. Generally, our revenue is based on a percentage of the ad spend that runs through our platform, although for certain clients or transaction types we may receive a fixed CPM for each impression sold, and for advertising campaigns that are transacted through insertion orders, we earn revenue based on the full amount of ad spend that runs through our platform. We also generate revenue from our SpringServe ad server and Demand Manager header-bidding product, where fees are generally based on the number of impressions processed. In addition, we may receive certain fixed monthly fees for the use of our platforms or products. We recognize revenue upon the fulfillment of our contractual obligations in connection with a completed transaction, subject to satisfying all other revenue recognition criteria. For the majority of transactions executed through our platform, we act as an agent on behalf of the publisher that is monetizing its inventory, and revenue is recognized net of any advertising inventory costs that we remit to sellers. With respect to certain revenue streams for managed advertising campaigns that are transacted through insertion orders, we report revenue on a gross basis, based primarily on our determination that the Company acts as the primary obligor in the delivery of advertising campaigns for our buyer clients with respect to such transactions.

Following the SpotX Acquisition, the percentage of our revenue reported on a gross basis increased significantly compared to pre-acquisition periods. During the first quarter of 2021 (prior to the SpotX Acquisition), our revenue reported on a gross basis was less than 3% of total revenue. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, our revenue reported on a gross basis was 20% and 18% of total revenue, respectively, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, our revenue reported on a gross basis was 20% and 16% of total revenue, respectively. Any mix shift that causes an increase in the relative percentage of our revenue accounted for on a gross basis would result in a higher revenue contribution and an associated decrease in our gross margin percentage (with no underlying impact on gross profit or Revenue ex-TAC, as defined in section "Key Operating and Financial Performance Metrics"). Our revenue recognition policies are discussed in more detail in our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2021 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and in Note 3 of the accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Expenses

We classify our expenses into the following categories:

Cost of Revenue. Our cost of revenue consists primarily of data center costs, bandwidth costs, ad protection costs, depreciation and maintenance expense of hardware supporting our revenue-producing platform, amortization of software costs for the development of our revenue-producing platform, amortization expense associated with acquired developed technologies, personnel costs, facilities-related costs, and cloud computing costs. In addition, for revenue booked on a gross basis, cost of revenue includes traffic acquisition costs. Personnel costs included in cost of revenue include salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, and are primarily attributable to personnel in our network operations group who support our platform. We capitalize costs associated with software that is developed or obtained for internal use and amortize the costs associated with our revenue-producing platform in cost of revenue over their estimated useful lives. We amortize acquired developed technologies over their estimated useful lives.

Sales and Marketing. Our sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, as well as marketing expenses such as brand marketing, travel expenses, trade shows and marketing materials, professional services, and amortization expense associated with client relationships, backlog, and non-compete agreements from our business acquisitions, and to a lesser extent, facilities-related costs and depreciation and amortization. Our sales organization focuses on increasing the adoption of our solution by existing and new buyers and sellers. We amortize acquired intangibles associated with client relationships and backlog from our business acquisitions over their estimated useful lives.

Technology and Development. Our technology and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, as well as professional services associated with the ongoing development and maintenance of our solution, depreciation and amortization, and to a lesser extent, facilities-related costs. These expenses include costs incurred in the development, implementation, and maintenance of internal use software, including platform and related infrastructure. Technology and development costs are expensed as incurred, except to the extent that such costs are associated with internal use software development that qualifies for capitalization, which are then recorded as internal use software development costs, net, on our consolidated balance sheets. We amortize internal use software development costs that relate to our revenue-producing activities on our platform to cost of revenue and amortize other internal use software development costs to technology and development costs or general and administrative expenses, depending on the nature of the related project. We amortize acquired intangibles associated with technology and development functions from our business acquisitions over their estimated useful lives.

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General and Administrative. Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, associated with our executive, finance, legal, human resources, compliance, and other administrative personnel, as well as accounting and legal professional services fees, facilities-related costs and depreciation and amortization, and other corporate-related expenses. General and administrative expenses also include amortization of internal use software development costs and acquired intangible assets from our business acquisitions over their estimated useful lives that relate to general and administrative functions.

Merger, Acquisition, and Restructuring Costs. Our merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs consist primarily of professional service fees associated with the merger and acquisition activities, cash-based employee termination costs, related stock-based compensation charges, and other restructuring activities, including facility closures, relocation costs, contract termination costs, and impairment costs of abandoned technology associated with restructuring activities.

Other (Income) Expense

Interest (Income) Expense, Net. Interest expense consists of interest expense associated with our Term Loan B Facility (defined below) and Convertible Senior Notes (defined below), and their related amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discount. Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash equivalents.

Other Income. Other income consists primarily of rental income from commercial office space we hold under lease and have sublet to other tenants.

Foreign Currency Exchange (Gain) Loss, Net. Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss, net consists primarily of gains and losses on foreign currency transactions and remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities on our balance sheet denominated in foreign currencies. Foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and various intercompany balances held between our subsidiaries. Our primary foreign currency exposures are currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, principally the Australian Dollar, British Pound, Canadian Dollar, Euro, and Japanese Yen.

Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. (federal and state) and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Tax laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change, with or without notice, due to economic, political, and other conditions, and significant judgment is required in evaluating and estimating our provision and accruals for these taxes. There are many transactions that occur during the ordinary course of business for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Our effective tax rates could be affected by numerous factors, such as changes in our business operations, acquisitions, investments, entry into new businesses and geographies, intercompany transactions, the relative amount of our foreign earnings, including earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, losses incurred in jurisdictions for which we are not able to realize related tax benefits, the applicability of special tax regimes, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, changes in our stock price, changes in our deferred tax assets ("DTAs") and liabilities and their valuation, changes in the laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations related to tax, including changes to the global tax framework, competition, and other laws and accounting rules in various jurisdictions.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our condensed consolidated results of operations:


	Three Months Ended				Change %		Nine Months Ended				Change %
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021				September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands)						(in thousands)
Revenue	$	145,815	$	131,871	11	%	$	401,670	$	307,127	31	%
Expenses (1)(2):
Cost of revenue	71,753		63,541		13	%	196,150		134,823		45	%
Sales and marketing	49,848		52,260		(5)	%	151,675		118,122		28	%
Technology and development	25,134		21,059		19	%	71,214		53,436		33	%
General and administrative	20,235		16,535		22	%	59,405		47,673		25	%
Merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs	—		2,424		(100)	%	7,468		37,778		(80)	%
Total expenses	166,970		155,819		7	%	485,912		391,832		24	%
Loss from operations	(21,155)		(23,948)		12	%	(84,242)		(84,705)		1	%
Other expense, net	3,671		5,079		(28)	%	12,240		7,920		55	%
Loss before income taxes	(24,826)		(29,027)		14	%	(96,482)		(92,625)		(4)	%
Benefit for income taxes	(435)		(4,708)		(91)	%	(2,544)		(92,237)		(97)	%
Net loss	$	(24,391)	$	(24,319)	—	%	$	(93,938)	$	(388)	NM


NM Not meaningful

(1) Stock-based compensation expense included in our expenses was as follows:
	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands)				(in thousands)
Cost of revenue	$	424	$	278	$	1,191	$	530
Sales and marketing	5,491		4,583		16,257		10,426
Technology and development	6,576		3,828		16,645		8,195
General and administrative	4,911		3,087		14,096		8,299
Merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs	—		48		2,004		1,071
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	17,402	$	11,824	$	50,193	$	28,521


(2) Depreciation and amortization expense included in our expenses was as follows:
	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands)				(in thousands)
Cost of revenue	$	27,455	$	24,764	$	80,639	$	52,108
Sales and marketing	18,759		23,569		56,815		44,037
Technology and development	240		190		697		468
General and administrative	161		179		490		471
Total depreciation and amortization expense	$	46,615	$	48,702	$	138,641	$	97,084

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The following table sets forth our condensed consolidated results of operations for the specified periods as a percentage of our revenue for those periods presented:


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
Revenue	100	%	100	%	100	%	100	%
Cost of revenue	49		48		49		44
Sales and marketing	34		39		38		39
Technology and development	17		16		18		17
General and administrative	14		13		15		16
Merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs	—		2		2		12
Total expenses	115		118		121		128
Loss from operations	(15)		(18)		(21)		(28)
Other expense, net	3		4		3		2
Loss before income taxes	(17)		(22)		(24)		(30)
Benefit for income taxes	—		(4)		(1)		(30)
Net loss	(17)	%	(18)	%	(23)	%	—	%
Note: Percentages may not sum due to rounding.

Comparison of the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

Revenue

Revenue increased $13.9 million, or 11%, for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. Our revenue growth was driven primarily by growth in CTV, which increased by $13.7 million, or 24%, and mobile, which increased by $2.6 million, or 6%. These increases were partially offset by a decline in revenue from desktop of $2.4 million, or 8%.

Revenue increased $94.5 million, or 31%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the prior year period primarily due to the inclusion in 2022 of full period results from the SpotX Acquisition, which was completed on April 30, 2021, and the SpringServe Acquisition, which was completed on July 1, 2021, in addition to increases driven by growth in CTV and mobile. Revenue from CTV and mobile increased by $72.6 million, or 63%, and $18.2 million, or 16%, respectively. On a pro forma basis, including SpotX and SpringServe during the relevant pre-acquisition period, revenue increased 6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the prior year.

We expect our revenue will increase year-over-year in the fourth quarter of 2022. Our revenue is largely a function of the number of advertising transactions and the price, or CPM, at which the inventory is sold, which results in total advertising spend on our platform, and, with respect to our revenue reported on a net basis, the take rate we charge for our services. Because pricing and take rate vary across publisher, channel and transaction type, our revenue is impacted by shifts in the mix of advertising spend on our platform. We believe that contributions to revenue from reserve auctions, in particular with respect to CTV which is largely transacted on a reserved basis, will continue to grow as a percentage of our total revenue. In general, we expect this shift will have a positive impact on our revenue due to both an increase in the volume of transactions and average CPM, despite the fact that reserve auctions generally carry a lower take rate compared to open auction transactions.

Our business is dependent in part on the overall health of the advertising market. Our revenue growth has been tempered, and may be negatively impacted in the future, by reductions in revenue resulting from the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and other macroeconomic challenges, such as another pandemic or health crisis, geopolitical events (including the conflict in Ukraine), and other macroeconomic factors like labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, recessionary concerns, and inflation impacting the markets and communities in which we operate. If economic conditions were to deteriorate further, we would likely experience a negative impact on our future revenue trends, and the magnitude of this impact is difficult to predict depending on the scope and duration of any recession. Refer to Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 for additional information related to these risks.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue increased $8.2 million, or 13%, for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021, primarily due to revenue growth. Compared to the prior year period, cost of revenue included increases of $5.6 million in data and bandwidth expenses and $2.7 million in depreciation and amortization.

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For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, costs of revenue increased $61.3 million, or 45%, compared to the prior year period, primarily due to the inclusion in 2022 of full period results from the SpotX Acquisition, which was completed on April 30, 2021, and revenue growth. Compared to the prior year period, cost of revenue included increases of $28.5 million in depreciation and amortization, $17.9 million in data and bandwidth expenses, and $10.9 million in traffic acquisition costs driven by the increases in revenue reported on a gross basis as a result of the SpotX Acquisition.

Our cost of revenue will continue to increase year-over-year in the fourth quarter of 2022 in absolute dollars primarily due to the expected increase in the size of our operations, including increases in hosting costs and other expenses to support the growth of our business.

Cost of revenue may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and period to period, on an absolute dollar basis and as a percentage of revenue, depending on revenue levels and the volume of transactions we process supporting those revenues, and the timing and amounts of depreciation and amortization of equipment and software.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses decreased $2.4 million, or 5%, for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. Compared to the prior year period, sales and marketing expenses included decreases of $4.8 million related to depreciation and amortization primarily due to certain acquired intangible assets becoming fully amortized earlier in 2022. The decreases were partially offset by increases of $1.3 million related to travel and industry events due to the lifting of travel restrictions during the year.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, sales and marketing expenses increased $33.6 million, or 28%, compared the prior year period, primarily due to the addition of headcount from the SpotX Acquisition and the amortization of acquired intangible assets and other assets associated with the transaction. Compared to the prior year period, sales and marketing expenses included increases of $14.7 million related to personnel expenses and $12.8 million related to depreciation and amortization. Additionally, the change in sales and marketing expenses included increases of $2.8 million related to travel and industry events for the same reason above.

We expect sales and marketing expenses to decrease year-over-year in the fourth quarter of 2022 in absolute dollars primarily due to decreases in amortization of acquired intangible assets, which we expect to be partially offset by increases in personnel costs as a result of new hiring to support our revenue growth and increases in event, travel and entertainment expenses.

Sales and marketing expenses may fluctuate quarter to quarter and period to period, on an absolute dollar basis and as a percentage of revenue, based on revenue levels, the timing of our investments and seasonality in our industry and business.

Technology and Development

Technology and development expenses increased $4.1 million, or 19%, for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021, due primarily to increases of $2.8 million in personnel costs as a result of increased headcount.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, technology and development expenses increased $17.8 million, or 33%, compared to the prior year period, due primarily to increases of $15.1 million in personnel costs as a result of the increased headcount associated with the SpotX Acquisition.

We expect technology and development expenses to increase year-over-year in the fourth quarter of 2022 in absolute dollars primarily due to increases in compensation expense and increases in event, travel and entertainment expenses.

The timing and amount of our capitalized development and enhancement projects may affect the amount of development costs expensed in any given period. As a percentage of revenue, technology and development expense may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and period to period based on revenue levels, the timing and amounts of technology and development efforts, the timing and the rate of the amortization of capitalized projects and the timing and amounts of future capitalized internal use software development costs.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses increased $3.7 million, or 22%, for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021, primarily due to increases of $2.6 million in personnel expenses due to increases in compensation expense driven by a more competitive labor market.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, general and administrative expenses increased $11.7 million, or 25%, compared to the prior year period, primarily due to increases of $7.6 million in personnel expenses mainly due to a more competitive labor market, increases of $1.6 million in facilities related expenses due to return to office work environment, and increases of $1.5 million in business insurance and taxes.

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We expect general and administrative expenses to increase year-over-year in the fourth quarter of 2022 in absolute dollars primarily due to the additional costs for a return to office work environment, new office leases, and increases in event, travel and entertainment expenses.

General and administrative expenses may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and period to period based on the timing and amounts of expenditures in our general and administrative functions as they vary in scope and scale over periods. Such fluctuations may not be directly proportional to changes in revenue.

Merger, Acquisition, and Restructuring Costs

Merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs decreased $2.4 million, or 100%, for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. There were no merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs incurred in the three months ended September 30, 2022. Costs incurred during the three months ended September 30, 2021 of $2.4 million were primarily due to the SpotX Acquisition, which was completed on April 30, 2021, which included investment banking advisory, legal, and other professional services fees, one-time cash-based employee termination benefit costs, and non-cash stock-based compensation expense associated with equity accelerations due to severance benefits.

Merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs decreased by $30.3 million, or 80%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the prior year period. Costs incurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 of $7.5 million were primarily due to restructuring activities from the SpotX Acquisition, which included $3.3 million of impairment costs associated with abandoned technology, $2.0 million non-cash stock-based compensation expense associated with the acceleration of unvested equity awards, and $1.2 million of one-time cash-based employee termination costs. Costs incurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 of $37.8 million were primarily due to the SpotX Acquisition as well as facility closure costs associated with office space restructuring activities.

Other (Income) Expense, Net


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands)				(in thousands)
Interest expense, net	$	7,016	$	7,280	$	21,273	$	12,595
Other income	(1,369)		(955)		(3,991)		(3,317)
Foreign exchange gain, net	(1,976)		(1,246)		(5,042)		(1,358)
Total other expense, net	$	3,671	$	5,079	$	12,240	$	7,920

Interest expense, net decreased $0.3 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the same period in the prior year primarily due to increases of interest income of $1.0 million offset by increases of interest expense of $0.7 million.

Interest expense, net increased $8.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to interest expense associated with the Term Loan B Facility (defined below), which the Company entered into during April 2021, and interest expense associated with the Convertible Senior Notes (defined below), which the Company entered into during March 2021. The increase in interest expense was partially offset by increases of interest income of $1.0 million.

We do not expect interest expense, net to significantly change year-over-year in the fourth quarter of 2022 as interest expense on Convertible Senior Notes are not dependent on changing interest rates, and although interest expense on our Term Loan B Facility will increase as the underlying borrowing rates have increased in response to changes in monetary policy, we expect this to be largely offset by an increase in interest income generated from cash equivalents and short-term investments.

Foreign exchange gain, net is impacted by movements in exchange rates and the amount of foreign currency-denominated cash, receivables, and payables, which are impacted by our billings to buyers, payments to sellers, and intercompany balances. The foreign exchange gain, net during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was primarily due to the currency movements between the British Pound, Australian Dollar, Canadian Dollar, and Euro relative to the U.S. Dollar.

Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

We recorded an income tax benefit of $0.4 million and $4.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and an income tax benefit of $2.5 million and $92.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The tax benefit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 is primarily the result of recognizing the benefit of DTAs previously subject to the domestic valuation allowance and the foreign income tax provision. The tax benefit

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for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 was primarily the result of the deferred tax liability associated with acquisitions that occurred during the year and the tax liability associated with foreign subsidiaries. The net deferred tax liabilities recorded in connection with the prior year acquisitions and our current year taxable income provided sources of taxable income to support the realizability of pre-existing DTAs. We continue to maintain a partial valuation allowance for our domestic DTAs.

Key Operating and Financial Performance Metrics

In addition to our GAAP results, we review non-GAAP financial measures, including Revenue ex-TAC and Adjusted EBITDA, to help us evaluate our business on a consistent basis, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, establish budgets, measure the effectiveness of investments in our technology and development and sales and marketing, and assess our operational efficiencies. Our non-GAAP financial measures are discussed below. Revenue and net income (loss) are discussed above under the headings "Components of Our Results of Operations" and "Results of Operations."


	Three Months Ended					Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		Change Favorable/ (Unfavorable)	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		Change Favorable/ (Unfavorable)
	(in thousands)					(in thousands)
Financial Measures and non-GAAP Financial Measures:
Revenue	$	145,815	$	131,871	11%	$	401,670	$	307,127	31%
Revenue ex-TAC	127,650		114,064		12%	357,998		274,356		30%
Gross profit	74,062		68,330		8%	205,520		172,304		19%
Net loss	(24,391)		(24,319)		—%	(93,938)		(388)		(24,111)%
Adjusted EBITDA	44,400		39,966		11%	114,562		81,121		41%

Revenue ex-TAC

Revenue ex-TAC is revenue excluding traffic acquisition cost ("TAC"). Traffic acquisition cost, a component of cost of revenue, represents what we must pay sellers for the sale of advertising inventory through our platform for revenue reported on a gross basis. In calculating Revenue ex-TAC, we add back the cost of revenue, excluding TAC, to gross profit, the most comparable GAAP measurement. Revenue ex-TAC is a non-GAAP financial measure. Our management believes Revenue ex-TAC is a useful measure in assessing the performance of Magnite as a combined company following the SpotX Acquisition and facilitates a consistent comparison against our core business without considering the impact of traffic acquisition costs related to revenue reported on a gross basis.

Our use of Revenue ex-TAC has limitations as an analytical tool and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our financial results as reported under GAAP. A potential limitation of this non-GAAP financial measure is that other companies, including companies in our industry which have similar business arrangements, may define Revenue ex-TAC differently, which may make comparisons difficult. Because of these and other limitations, you should consider our non-GAAP measures only as supplemental to GAAP-based financial performance measures, including revenue, net income (loss) and cash flows.

The following table presents the calculation of gross profit and reconciliation of gross profit to Revenue ex-TAC for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:


	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		Change %		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		Change %
	(in thousands)						(in thousands)
Revenue	$	145,815	$	131,871	11	%	$	401,670	$	307,127	31	%
Less: Cost of revenue	71,753		63,541		13	%	196,150		134,823		45	%
Gross Profit	74,062		68,330		8	%	205,520		172,304		19	%
Add back: Cost of revenue, excluding TAC	53,588		45,734		17	%	152,478		102,052		49	%
Revenue ex-TAC	$	127,650	$	114,064	12	%	$	357,998	$	274,356	30	%

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We track the breakdown of Revenue ex-TAC across channels to better understand how our clients are transacting on our platform, which informs decisions as to business strategy and the allocation of resources and capital. The following table presents Revenue ex-TAC by channel:


	Revenue ex-TAC
	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		Change %		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		Change %
	(in thousands)						(in thousands)
Channel:
CTV	$	55,761	$	43,142	29	%	$	150,180	$	89,382	68	%
Desktop	27,155		29,192		(7)	%	80,819		76,566		6	%
Mobile	44,734		41,730		7	%	126,999		108,408		17	%
Total	$	127,650	$	114,064	12	%	$	357,998	$	274,356	30	%

Revenue ex-TAC increased $13.6 million, or 12%, for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. The increase in Revenue ex-TAC was primarily due to growth in CTV and mobile. This was partially offset by a 7% year-over-year decline in our desktop business.

Revenue ex-TAC increased $83.6 million, or 30%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase in Revenue ex-TAC was primarily due to incremental revenue from the SpotX Acquisition, which was completed on April 30, 2021, and the SpringServe Acquisition, which was completed on July 1, 2021, and growth in CTV and mobile.

We expect Revenue ex-TAC to increase through the remainder of 2022 as compared to the same period in the prior year. We believe that CTV will be our biggest growth driver in future periods and continue to represent a higher percentage of our overall Revenue ex-TAC, with mobile as our second biggest driver. Our mobile business consists of two components, mobile web and mobile applications. Initially our mobile business consisted primarily of mobile web, which is similar to our desktop business, but our mobile application business has been the growth driver behind our mobile business. We therefore expect our growth within mobile to come largely from our mobile applications business and, in particular, mobile in-app video.

Lower industry growth rates in desktop will make growing desktop Revenue ex-TAC more challenging; however, in future periods we believe we will be able to grow our desktop business in excess of industry projections by capturing market share through SPO and expansion of publisher relationships. We expect our desktop business to decline as an overall percentage of our revenue in future periods. However, we expect that it will continue to represent a significant part of our Revenue ex-TAC in the near term. Therefore, the mix of our desktop business will continue to dampen our overall growth rate.

Adjusted EBITDA

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) adjusted to exclude stock-based compensation expense, depreciation and amortization, amortization of acquired intangible assets, impairment charges, interest income or expense, and other cash and non-cash based income or expenses that we do not consider indicative of our core operating performance, including, but not limited to foreign exchange gains and losses, acquisition and related items, non-operational real estate expense (income), net, and provision (benefit) for income taxes. We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors in evaluating our performance for the following reasons:

•Adjusted EBITDA is widely used by investors and securities analysts to measure a company’s performance without regard to items such as those we exclude in calculating this measure, which can vary substantially from company to company depending upon their financing, capital structures, and the method by which assets were acquired.

•Our management uses Adjusted EBITDA in conjunction with GAAP financial measures for planning purposes, including the preparation of our annual operating budget, as a measure of performance and the effectiveness of our business strategies, and in communications with our board of directors concerning our performance. Adjusted EBITDA may also be used as a metric for determining payment of cash incentive compensation.

•Adjusted EBITDA provides a measure of consistency and comparability with our past performance that many investors find useful, facilitates period-to-period comparisons of operations, and also facilitates comparisons with other peer companies, many of which use similar non-GAAP financial measures to supplement their GAAP results.

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Although Adjusted EBITDA is frequently used by investors and securities analysts in their evaluations of companies, Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results of operations as reported under GAAP. These limitations include:

•Stock-based compensation is a non-cash charge and will remain an element of our long-term incentive compensation package, although we exclude it as an expense when evaluating our ongoing operating performance for a particular period.

•Depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, and the assets being depreciated or amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, but Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect any cash requirements for these replacements.

•Impairment charges are non-cash charges related to goodwill, intangible assets and/or long-lived assets.

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect non-cash charges related to acquisition and related items, such as amortization of acquired intangible assets, merger, acquisition, or restructuring related severance costs, and changes in the fair value of contingent consideration.

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash and non-cash charges and changes in, or cash requirements for, acquisition and related items, such as certain transaction expenses and expenses associated with earn-out amounts.

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in our working capital needs, capital expenditures, non-operational real estate expenses or income, or contractual commitments.

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash requirements for income taxes and the cash impact of other income or expense.

•Other companies may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.

Our Adjusted EBITDA is influenced by fluctuations in our revenue, cost of revenue, and the timing and amounts of the cost of our operations. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss), income (loss) from operations, or any other measure of financial performance calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss, the most comparable GAAP measure, to Adjusted EBITDA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
Net loss	$	(24,391)	$	(24,319)	$	(93,938)	$	(388)
Add back (deduct):
Depreciation and amortization expense, excluding amortization of acquired intangible assets	8,548		6,518		23,293		17,771
Amortization of acquired intangibles	38,067		42,184		115,348		79,313
Stock-based compensation expense	17,402		11,824		50,193		28,521
Merger, acquisition, and restructuring costs, excluding stock-based compensation expense	—		2,376		5,464		36,707
Non-operational real estate expense, net	169		57		515		197
Interest expense, net	7,016		7,280		21,273		12,595
Foreign exchange gain, net	(1,976)		(1,246)		(5,042)		(1,358)

Benefit for income taxes	(435)		(4,708)		(2,544)		(92,237)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	44,400	$	39,966	$	114,562	$	81,121

Adjusted EBITDA increased by $4.4 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021, primarily due to increases in revenue, which are discussed in section "Comparison of the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021."

Adjusted EBITDA increased by $33.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to incremental revenue growth from the SpotX Acquisition and organic growth.

We expect Adjusted EBITDA to continue to increase through the remainder of 2022 as compared to the same period in the prior year as a result of continued growth in revenue and ongoing operating leverage.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

As of September 30, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $253.6 million, of which $40.2 million was held in foreign currency denominated cash accounts, and an aggregate gross principal amount of $755.5 million of indebtedness outstanding under our Term Loan B Facility (as defined below) and our Convertible Senior Notes (as defined below). In addition, we are party to a $65.0 million Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below), of which approximately $5.3 million is assigned to outstanding but undrawn letters of credit. See "Capital Resources" below for further information about our outstanding debt.

Our principal cash requirements for the twelve-month period following this report primarily consist of personnel costs, contractual payment obligations, including office leases, data center costs and cloud hosting costs, capital expenditures, payment of interest and required principal payments on our Convertible Senior Notes and Term Loan B Facility, taxes paid related to net share settlement associated with vesting of stock-based compensation awards, cash outlays for income taxes, and cash requirements to fund working capital. In the longer term, we would expect to have similar cash requirements, with increases in absolute dollars associated with the continued growth of our business and expansion of operations. See "Contractual Obligations and Known Future Cash Requirements" for a further discussion of our known material contractual obligations.

Our working capital needs and cash conversion cycle, which is influenced by seasonality and may be negatively impacted as a result of COVID-19, inflationary, recessionary and other macroeconomic challenges, can have large fluctuations due to the timing of receipts from buyers and timing of disbursements to sellers. In addition, in the event a buyer defaults on payment, we may still be required to pay sellers for the inventory purchased. Our capital expenditure investments tend to be higher in the second half of the year. The impacts from changes in working capital and capital expenditures can significantly impact our cash flows and therefore, our liquidity during any period presented.

We have historically relied upon cash and cash equivalents, cash generated from operations, borrowings under credit facilities and issuance of debt for our liquidity needs. Our ability to meet our cash requirements depends on, among other things, our operating performance, competitive developments, and financial market conditions, all of which are significantly affected by business, financial, economic, political, global health-related and other factors, many of which we may not be able to control or influence.

We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash generated from operating activities, and amounts available to borrow under our Revolving Credit Facility will be sufficient to meet our working capital requirements for at least the next twelve months from the issuance of our financial statements. However, there are multiple factors that could impact our cash balances in the future, including the factors described above with respect to working capital and cash conversion cycles, as well as the duration and severity of events beyond our control, such as health epidemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical events, including the evolving conflict in Ukraine, and economic and macroeconomic factors like labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, and inflation impacting the markets and communities in which our clients operate and the factors set forth in Part II, Item 1A: "Risk Factors" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Capital Resources

In March 2021, we sold convertible senior notes ("Convertible Senior Notes") for gross proceeds of $400.0 million. The Convertible Senior Notes are senior, unsecured obligations with interest payable semi-annually in cash at a rate of 0.25% per annum in arrears on March 15 and September 15. The Convertible Senior Notes will mature on March 15, 2026, unless earlier converted, redeemed, or repurchased. The initial conversion rate is 15.6539 shares per $1,000 principal amount of notes, which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $63.88 per share of the Company’s common stock and is subject to adjustment as described in the Offering Memorandum. At September 30, 2022, the balance of the Convertible Senior Notes was $392.1 million, net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $7.9 million. Accrued interest for the Convertible Senior Notes at September 30, 2022 was immaterial.

In conjunction with the issuance of the Convertible Senior Notes, we entered into capped call transactions to reduce the Company's exposure to additional cash payments above principal balances in the event of a cash conversion of the Convertible Senior Notes. The Company may owe additional cash or shares to the holders of the Convertible Senior Notes upon early conversion if our stock price exceeds $91.260 per share, which is subject to certain adjustments. Although the Company’s incremental exposure to the additional cash payment above the principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes is reduced by the capped calls, conversion of the Convertible Senior Notes by the holders may cause dilution to the ownership interests of existing stockholders. See Note 13 "Debt" in the notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report for more information regarding terms and conditions of the Convertible Senior Notes and the capped call transactions.

On April 30, 2021, and in conjunction with the SpotX Acquisition, we entered into a credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with Goldman Sachs Bank USA as administrative and collateral agent, and other lending parties thereto for a $360.0 million seven-year senior secured term loan facility ("Term Loan B Facility") and a $52.5 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility"), which was subsequently increased to $65.0 million in June 2021. As part of the Term Loan B Facility, the Company received $325 million in proceeds, net of discounts and fees, which were used to finance the SpotX

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Acquisition and related transactions and for general corporate purposes. At September 30, 2022, amounts available under the Revolving Credit Facility were $59.7 million, net of letters of credit outstanding in the amount of $5.3 million. Accrued interest for the Term Loan B Facility at September 30, 2022 was $0.7 million.

In December 2021, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program, under which the company is authorized to purchase up to $50.0 million of its common stock from December 10, 2021 through December 10, 2022. The repurchase program allows the company to repurchase its common stock using open market stock purchases, privately negotiated transactions, block trades or other means in accordance with U.S. securities laws. Approximately $28.3 million remained available for purchase under this share repurchase program as of September 30, 2022. On November 4, 2022, the Board of Directors approved an extension of the share repurchase program through December 15, 2023.

In the future, we may attempt to raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities or through equity-linked or debt financing arrangements. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or equity-linked securities, the ownership of our existing stockholders will be diluted. If we raise additional financing by incurring indebtedness, we will be subject to increased fixed payment obligations and could also be subject to restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Any future indebtedness we incur may result in terms that could be unfavorable to equity investors.

An inability to raise additional capital could adversely affect our ability to achieve our business objectives. In addition, if our operating performance during the next twelve months is below our expectations, our liquidity and ability to operate our business could be adversely affected.

Our cash and cash equivalents balance is affected by our results of operations, the timing of capital expenditures which are typically greater in the second half of the year, and by changes in our working capital, particularly changes in accounts receivable and accounts payable. The timing of cash receipts from buyers and payments to sellers can significantly impact our cash flows from operating activities and our liquidity for, and within, any period presented. Our collection and payment cycle can vary from period to period depending upon various circumstances, including seasonality, and may be negatively impacted as a result of COVID-19.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:


	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands)
Cash flows provided by operating activities	$	103,845	$	58,000
Cash flows used in investing activities	(49,936)		(675,570)
Cash flows (used in) provided by financing activities	(28,321)		688,863
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(2,484)		(591)
Change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	23,104	$	70,702

Operating Activities

Our cash flows from operating activities are primarily driven by revenues generated from advertising activity, offset by the cash costs of operations, and are significantly influenced by the timing of and fluctuations in receipts from buyers and related payments to sellers. Our future cash flows will be diminished if we cannot increase our revenue levels and manage costs appropriately.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, net cash provided by operating activities was $103.8 million compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $58.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Our operating activities included our net loss of $93.9 million and $0.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which were offset by non-cash adjustments of $191.3 million and $36.8 million, respectively. Net changes in our working capital resulted in increases of $6.5 million and $21.6 million in cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021, respectively. The net changes in working capital for both periods are primarily due to the timing of cash receipts from buyers and the timing of payments to sellers.

We believe that cash flows from operations will continue to fluctuate, but in general will increase over time as our business continues to grow.

Investing Activities

Our primary investing activities have consisted of acquisitions of businesses, purchases of property and equipment, capital expenditures in support of creating and enhancing our technology infrastructure, and investments in, and maturities of, available-for-sale securities. Purchases of property and equipment and investments in internal use software development may vary from period-

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to-period due to the timing of the expansion of our operations, changes to headcount, and the cycles of our internal use software development. We anticipate investment in internal use software development to slightly increase compared to past years' investment levels as we continue to innovate new solutions on our platform. As the business continues to grow, we expect our investment in property and equipment to increase compared to 2021. Historically, a majority of our purchases in property and equipment have occurred in the latter half of the year in preparation for the peak volumes of the fourth quarter and early in the first quarter of the following year. We expect those trends to continue, with higher levels of property and equipment spend in the latter half of this year compared to the first half of the year. Investments in, and maturities of, available-for-sale securities and acquisitions of businesses vary from period-to-period.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, our investing activities used net cash of $49.9 million and $675.6 million, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, we used cash for purchases of property and equipment of $18.0 million and $14.0 million, respectively, and used cash for investments in our internally developed software of $11.2 million and $8.5 million, respectively. The nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 included net cash used of $20.8 million to acquire Carbon and $653.1 million to acquire SpotX and SpringServe, respectively.

We believe that cash flows used in our investing activities will generally increase in order to support our overall growth, in particular with respect to investments in property and equipment and internally developed software. In addition, our cash flows from investing activities may fluctuate depending on future acquisition activity.

Financing Activities

Our financing activities consisted of our Convertible Senior Notes transactions, repayment of amounts borrowed under our Term Loan B Facility, transactions related to our equity plans, and stock purchases under the share repurchase plan.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, net cash used by financing activities was $28.3 million compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $688.9 million, respectively. Cash outflows from financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 included $15.7 million payment related to share repurchases, $11.9 million for taxes paid related to net share settlement of stock-based awards, and $2.7 million repayment of our Term Loan B. The outflows were partially offset by cash proceeds from issuance of common stock from the employee stock purchase plan of $2.1 million and cash proceeds from stock options exercised of $1.8 million.

Cash inflows from financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 included $400.0 million in net proceeds from our Convertible Senior Notes offering, $349.2 million in net proceeds from our Term Loan B Facility, cash proceeds from stock options exercised of $8.7 million, and $1.2 million cash proceeds from issuance of common stock from the employee stock purchase plan. These increases were partially offset by a $39.0 million payment for capped call transactions entered into in connection with the Convertible Notes offering, debt issuance cost payments of $30.4 million, and $0.9 million repayment of our Term Loan B.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any relationships with other entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities that have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. We did not have any other off-balance sheet arrangements at September 30, 2022 other than the short-term operating leases and the indemnification agreements described below, and commitments mentioned in Note 12 - "Commitments Contingencies."

Contractual Obligations and Known Future Cash Requirements

As of September 30, 2022, our principal commitments consist of obligations under our Convertible Senior Notes, Term Loan B Facility, Revolving Credit Facility, leases for our various office facilities, including our corporate headquarters in New York, New York, and offices in Los Angeles, California, operating lease agreements, including data centers, cloud hosting services that expire at various times through 2032, and indemnification holdback associated with the Carbon acquisition. In certain cases, the terms of the lease agreements provide for rental payments on a graduated basis.

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The following table summarizes our future lease obligations, payments of principal and interest under our debt agreements, sublease income, and other future payments due under non-cancelable agreements at September 30, 2022 (in thousands):


	Remaining 2022		2023		2024		2025		2026		Thereafter		Total
Lease liabilities associated with leases included Right of Use Asset as of September 30, 2022	$	6,183	$	22,676	$	19,806	$	12,057	$	9,976	$	28,164	$	98,862
Obligations for leases not included in Lease liabilities as of September 30, 2022	299		2,096		2,244		1,931		88		107		6,765
Convertible Senior Notes	—		—		—		—		400,000		—		400,000
Interest, Convertible Senior Notes	—		1,000		1,000		1,000		500		—		3,500
Term Loan B (1)	900		3,600		3,600		3,600		3,600		340,200		355,500
Interest, Term Loan B (2)	8,085		29,273		29,054		28,676		28,378		37,321		160,787
Operating sublease income	(1,262)		(4,926)		(4,767)		(1,751)		(260)		—		(12,966)
Other non-cancelable obligations	1,001		9,802		5,478		1,177		—		—		17,458
Total	$	15,206	$	63,521	$	56,415	$	46,690	$	442,282	$	405,792	$	1,029,906
(1) Includes only scheduled amortization of payments and excludes currently unknown prepayment amounts that may be required, per terms of the Credit Agreement, after the end of each fiscal year.
(2) Interest payments are based on an assumed rate of 8.17%, which was the rate as of September 30, 2022 for the associated Term Loan B Facility.

Obligations for leases not included in the lease liabilities as of September 30, 2022 include commitments under agreements for office space and data centers that have not commenced as of September 30, 2022.

Payments associated with our Convertible Senior Notes are based on contractual terms and intended timing of repayments of long-term debt and associated interest and do not assume conversion prior to the maturity date.

Other non-cancelable obligations include agreements in the normal course of business and purchase consideration that extend beyond a year as of September 30, 2022 and indemnification holdback obligations associated with acquisitions. Other non-cancelable obligations above excludes a variable commitment from an agreement for third-party cloud-managed services. The variable commitment begins in July 2023 and ends in June 2025. The future obligation under this agreement will be based on actual spend, as defined in the agreement, with the third-party provider from July 2022 through June 2023. We estimate the future minimum annual obligation to be between $40 million and $50 million in each twelve-month period.

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements with sellers, buyers, and other third parties pursuant to which we agree to indemnify buyers, sellers, vendors, lessors, business partners, lenders, stockholders, and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses resulting from claims of intellectual property infringement, damages to property or persons, business losses, or other liabilities. Generally, these indemnity and defense obligations relate to our own business operations, obligations, and acts or omissions. However, under some circumstances, we agree to indemnify and defend contract counterparties against losses resulting from their own business operations, obligations, and acts or omissions, or the business operations, obligations, and acts or omissions of third parties. These indemnity provisions generally survive termination or expiration of the agreements in which they appear. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors, executive officers and certain other officers that will require us, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers, or employees. No demands for indemnification have been made as of September 30, 2022.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. By their nature, estimates are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. Certain of our estimates and assumptions require increased judgment and carry a higher degree of variability and volatility that could result in material changes to our estimates in future periods. Our actual results could differ from these estimates.

We believe that the following assumptions and estimates have the greatest potential impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements: (i) the determination of revenue recognition as net versus gross in our revenue arrangements, (ii) the determination of the estimated useful lives of internal-use software development costs, (iii) the recoverability of intangible asset and

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goodwill, (iv) assumptions used in the valuation models to determine the fair value of stock options and stock-based compensation expense, (v) the assumptions used in the valuation of acquired assets and liabilities in business combinations, and (vi) income taxes, including the realization of tax assets and estimates of tax liabilities. Besides the adoption of new accounting pronouncements, as included within "Note 1—Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to the condensed consolidated financial statements in this report, there have been no significant changes in our accounting policies or estimates from those disclosed in our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2021 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

For information regarding recent accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 1 "Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk

We have operations both in the United States and internationally, and we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks include primarily interest rate, foreign exchange, and inflation risks. The risks below may be further exacerbated by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on global macroeconomic and market conditions.

Interest Rate Fluctuation Risk

Our cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and money market funds, but may from time to time also include commercial paper, with original maturities of three months or less. Our investments may consist of repurchase agreements, U.S. government agency debt, and U.S. treasury debt. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve the value of our cash without significantly increasing risk. Because our cash, cash equivalents, and investments have a short maturity, our portfolio’s fair value is relatively insensitive to interest rate changes, however, interest income earned will vary as interest rates change.

We do not have economic interest rate expense exposure on our Convertible Senior Notes due to their fixed interest rate nature. The amount paid upon redemption is not based on changes in any index or changing market rates. It is fixed at 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes plus unpaid interest. Since the Convertible Senior Notes bear fixed rate coupon, we are not exposed to interest rate risk on those notes, however, the fair value of those notes will change as market interest rates change.

We have a Term Loan B Facility under the Credit Agreement which bears a floating rate of interest that resets periodically, subject to a 0.75% floor on that floating rate, according to the terms of the agreement. Our financial results have been exposed to changes in the underlying base interest rate on that debt because the underlying base interest rate has now reset above the floor on such underlying interest rate. The fair value of Term Loan B Facility may fluctuate when the underlying base interest rate fluctuates below the floor or when the rate of return demanded by our loan investors increases relative to when the loans were issued. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility. Should the company borrow under the Revolving Credit Facility at any point in the future, any associated borrowings would have a floating underlying base rate of interest that would expose the Company to interest rate risk.

We do not believe that an increase or decrease in interest rates of 100 basis points would have a material effect on our operating results or financial condition. The annualized impact to interest expense for each 100 basis points increase above the LIBOR Floor on our Term Loan B Facility is approximately $3.6 million. The actual impact to our financial results of the same increase in interest rates is expected to be lower than $3.6 million depending on the timing and magnitude of such rate changes relative to our LIBOR Floor, and will be partially offset by higher interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalent balances over the same period. In future periods, we will continue to evaluate our investment opportunities and policy relative to our overall objectives.

With regard to all debt currently outstanding, the company is potentially exposed to refinancing risk, should the Company seek to refinance existing debt or raise new debt in the future, and the prevailing cost or terms for that debt differs from terms in our current debt agreements.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

We have foreign currency risks related to our revenue and expenses denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, principally the British Pound, Australian Dollar, Canadian Dollar, and Euro. The volatility of exchange rates depends on many factors that we cannot forecast with reliable accuracy. We have experienced and will continue to experience fluctuations in our net income (loss) as a result of transaction gains and losses related to translating certain cash balances, trade accounts receivable and payable balances and intercompany balances that are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. The effect of an

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immediate 10% adverse change in foreign exchange rates on foreign-denominated accounts at September 30, 2022, including intercompany balances, would result in a foreign currency loss of approximately $6.5 million. In the event our non-U.S. Dollar denominated sales and expenses increase, our operating results may be more greatly affected by fluctuations in the exchange rates of the currencies in which we do business. At this time we do not, but we may in the future, enter into derivatives or other financial instruments in an attempt to hedge our foreign currency exchange risk. It is difficult to predict the impact hedging activities would have on our results of operations.

Inflation Risk

We do not believe that cost inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. If our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we might not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. This risk of cost inflation is distinct from the risk that inflation throughout the broader economy could lead to reduced ad spend and indirectly harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. For a discussion of the indirect results of inflation on our business, see "Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Other Macroeconomic Developments."

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives of ensuring that information we are required to disclose in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures, and is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. There is no assurance that our disclosure controls and procedures will operate effectively under all circumstances. Based upon the evaluation described above, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended September 30, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Management recognizes that a control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud or error, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We and our subsidiaries may from time to time be parties to legal or regulatory proceedings, lawsuits and other claims incident to our business activities and to our status as a public company. Such routine matters may include, among other things, assertions of contract breach or intellectual property infringement, claims for indemnity arising in the course of our business, regulatory investigations or enforcement proceedings, and claims by persons whose employment has been terminated. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties, and outcomes are not predictable with assurance. Consequently, we are unable to ascertain the ultimate aggregate amount of monetary liability, amounts which may be covered by insurance or recoverable from third parties, or the financial impact with respect to such matters as of September 30, 2022. However, based on our knowledge as of September 30,

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2022, we believe that the final resolution of such matters pending at the time of this report, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect upon our condensed consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Refer to Note 12—"Commitments and Contingencies" for additional information related to legal proceedings.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. We describe risks associated with our business below and in Part I, Item 1A: "Risk Factors" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (the "Risk Factors"). Each of the risks described in our Risk Factors may be relevant to decisions regarding an investment in or ownership of our stock. The occurrence of any such risks could have a significant adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, revenue, results of operations, growth, or ability to accomplish our strategic objectives, and could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline. You should carefully consider such risks and the other information contained in this report, including our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, before making investment decisions related to our common stock.

There are no additional material changes to the Risk Factors of which we are currently aware; but our Risk Factors cannot anticipate and fully address all possible risks of investing in our common stock, the risks of investing in our common stock may change over time, and additional risks and uncertainties that we are not aware of, or that we do not consider to be material, may emerge. In addition, the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and other macroeconomic challenges, such as another pandemic or health crisis, geopolitical events (including the conflict in Ukraine), and other macroeconomic factors like labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, recessionary concerns, and inflation may amplify many of the risks described in our risk factors. Accordingly, you are advised to consider additional sources of information and exercise your own judgment in addition to the information we provide.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(a) Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None (except as previously disclosed).

(b) Use of Proceeds

Not Applicable.

Common stock repurchases during the quarter ended September 30, 2022 were as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):


Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price per Share		Total number of shares purchased as part of a Publicly Announced Program	Maximum Approximate Dollar Value that May Yet be Purchased Under the Program
July 1 - July 31, 2022
Equity withholding(1)	43	$	9.02	—	$	—
Repurchase program(2)	—	$	—	—	$	28,330
August 1 - August 31, 2022
Equity withholding(1)	179	$	9.79	—	$	—
Repurchase program(2)	—	$	—	—	$	28,330
September 1 - September 30, 2022
Equity withholding(1)	35	$	7.42	—	$	—
Repurchase program(2)	—	$	—	—	$	28,330
	257			—

(1) Upon vesting of most restricted stock units, we are required to deposit minimum statutory employee withholding taxes on behalf of the holders of the vested awards. As reimbursement for these tax deposits, we have the option to withhold from shares otherwise

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issuable upon vesting a portion of those shares with a fair market value equal to the amount of the deposits we paid. Withholding of shares in this manner is accounted for as a repurchase of common stock.

(2) Our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program (the "Program") under which the Company is authorized to purchase up to $50.0 million of its common stock during the period from December 10, 2021 to December 10, 2022. On November 4, 2022, the Board of Directors approved an extension of the Program through December 15, 2023. Shares repurchased under the Program have all been subsequently retired, which was recorded as a reduction in additional paid in capital. The average price paid per share purchased under the Program includes broker commission costs.

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Item 6. Exhibits


Number						Description

31.1*						Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*						Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32*(1)						Certification of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.ins *						Instance Document- the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.sch *						XBRL Taxonomy Schema Linkbase Document
101.cal *						XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
101.def *						XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document
101.lab *						XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
101.pre *						XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
104						Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Filed herewith

(1) The information in this exhibit is furnished and deemed not filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission for purposes of section 18 of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Magnite, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), or the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


			MAGNITE, INC. (Registrant)
			/s/ David Day
			David Day
			Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Duly Authorized Officer)
Date November 9, 2022

Document

Exhibit 31.1

Certification of Principal Executive Officer

pursuant to

Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a),

as adopted pursuant to

Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Michael Barrett, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Magnite, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


	Signature:	/s/ Michael Barrett
Date November 9, 2022		Michael Barrett President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Document

Exhibit 31.2

Certification of Principal Financial Officer

pursuant to

Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a),

as adopted pursuant to

Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, David Day, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Magnite, Inc.;

a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


	Signature:	/s/ David Day
Date November 9, 2022		David Day Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

Document

Exhibit 32

CERTIFICATIONS OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. 1350), Michael Barrett, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) of Magnite, Inc. (the "Company"), and David Day, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) of the Company, each hereby certifies that, to the best of his knowledge:

1.Our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022, to which this certification is attached as Exhibit 32 (the "Report"), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2.The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date November 9, 2022


			/s/ Michael Barrett
			Michael Barrett President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)


			/s/ David Day
			David Day Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

The foregoing certifications are being furnished pursuant to 13 U.S.C. Section 1350. They are not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.