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10-Q
Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
__________________
FORM 10-Q
__________________
  (Mark One)

 x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2015
OR

o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _____________ to _____________
 
Commission File Number: 001-36384
__________________
THE RUBICON PROJECT, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 __________________
Delaware
 
20-8881738
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
 
 
 
12181 Bluff Creek Drive, 4th Floor
Los Angeles, CA 90094
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
 
 
 
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:
 
(310) 207-0272
 
 __________________

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.   Yes x    No ¨
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).   Yes x    No ¨
  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company.  See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer  ¨
 
Accelerated filer  ¨
 
 
 
Non-accelerated filer  x 
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
 
Smaller reporting company ¨
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).   o Yes x  No

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
Class
 
Outstanding as of October 22, 2015
Common Stock, $0.00001 par value
 
44,378,826


Table of Contents

THE RUBICON PROJECT, INC.
QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

INDEX

 
 
Page No.
Part I.
Item 1.
 
 
 
 
 
 
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Part II.
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 5.
 

2
Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
  THE RUBICON PROJECT, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
(unaudited)
 
September 30, 2015
 
December 31, 2014
ASSETS
 
 
 
Current assets:
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
79,865

 
$
97,196

Accounts receivable, net
158,804

 
133,267

Prepaid expenses and other current assets
28,177

 
7,514

TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS
266,846

 
237,977

Property and equipment, net
16,067

 
15,196

Internal use software development costs, net
12,916

 
11,501

Goodwill
68,803

 
16,290

Intangible assets, net
55,428

 
14,090

Other assets, non-current
7,828

 
1,427

TOTAL ASSETS
$
427,888

 
$
296,481

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
 
 
 
Current liabilities:
 
 
 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
$
167,075

 
$
151,021

Debt and capital lease obligations, current portion
—

 
105

Other current liabilities
1,365

 
3,276

TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES
168,440

 
154,402

Other liabilities, non-current
2,241

 
1,272

Deferred tax liability, net
10,253

 
607

Contingent consideration liabilities
27,483

 
11,448

TOTAL LIABILITIES
208,417

 
167,729

Commitments and contingencies (Note 9)

 

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
 
 
 
Preferred stock, $0.00001 par value, 10,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014; 0 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014
—

 
—

Common stock, $0.00001 par value; 500,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014; 44,265 and 37,192 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively
—

 
—

Additional paid-in capital
320,139

 
209,472

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
27

 
(8)

Accumulated deficit
(100,695)

 
(80,712)

TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
219,471

 
128,752

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
$
427,888

 
$
296,481


The accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

3
Table of Contents

THE RUBICON PROJECT, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
(unaudited)
 
Three Months Ended
 
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
Revenue
$
64,253

 
$
32,165

 
$
154,477

 
$
83,463

Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cost of revenue
16,556

 
5,144

 
37,126

 
14,456

Sales and marketing
22,817

 
11,540

 
60,027

 
30,863

Technology and development
11,822

 
5,766

 
30,626

 
15,041

General and administrative
18,225

 
15,157

 
50,488

 
42,130

Total expenses
69,420

 
37,607

 
178,267

 
102,490

Loss from operations
(5,167
)
 
(5,442
)
 
(23,790
)
 
(19,027
)
Other (income) expense:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest (income) expense, net
(37
)
 
23

 
(14
)
 
94

Change in fair value of preferred stock warrant liabilities
—

 
—

 
—

 
732

Foreign exchange (gain) loss, net
(38
)
 
(826
)
 
(1,381
)
 
104

Total other (income) expense, net
(75
)
 
(803
)
 
(1,395
)
 
930

Loss before income taxes
(5,092
)
 
(4,639
)
 
(22,395
)
 
(19,957
)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes
(2,083
)
 
(17
)
 
(2,412
)
 
145

Net loss
(3,009
)
 
(4,622
)
 
(19,983
)
 
(20,102
)
Cumulative preferred stock dividends
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1,116
)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders
$
(3,009
)
 
$
(4,622
)
 
$
(19,983
)
 
$
(21,218
)
Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders:
$
(0.07
)
 
$
(0.14
)
 
$
(0.51
)
 
$
(0.81
)
Basic and diluted weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to common stockholders:
41,308

 
33,673

 
38,847

 
26,130


The accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

 

4
Table of Contents

THE RUBICON PROJECT, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(In thousands)
(unaudited)
 
Three Months Ended
 
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015

September 30, 2014
Net loss
$
(3,009
)
 
$
(4,622
)
 
$
(19,983
)
 
$
(20,102
)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unrealized gain on investments, net of tax
3

 
—

 
—

 
—

Foreign currency translation adjustments
5

 
(71
)
 
35

 
(34
)
Comprehensive loss
$
(3,001
)
 
$
(4,693
)
 
$
(19,948
)
 
$
(20,136
)

The accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.



5
Table of Contents

 
THE RUBICON PROJECT, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands)
(unaudited)
 
Common Stock 
 
Additional
Paid-In
Capital
 
Accumulated  Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 
Accumulated
Deficit
 
Total
Stockholders’
Equity 
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Balance at December 31, 2014
37,192

 
$
—

 
$
209,472

 
$
(8
)
 
$
(80,712
)
 
$
128,752

Exercise of common stock options
2,024

 
—

 
10,674

 
—

 
—

 
10,674

Restricted stock awards, net
481

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Issuance of common stock related to RSU vesting
74

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Issuance of common stock related to employee stock purchase plan
69

 
—

 
759

 
—

 
—

 
759

Issuance of common stock and exchange of stock options related to acquisition
4,425

 
—

 
76,611

 
—

 
—

 
76,611

Stock-based compensation
—

 
—

 
22,623

 
—

 
—

 
22,623

Foreign exchange translation adjustment
—

 
—

 
—

 
35

 
—

 
35

Net loss
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(19,983
)
 
(19,983
)
Balance at September 30, 2015
44,265

 
$
—

 
$
320,139

 
$
27

 
$
(100,695
)
 
$
219,471


The accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
 

6
Table of Contents

THE RUBICON PROJECT, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(unaudited)
 
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Net loss
$
(19,983
)
 
$
(20,102
)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization
22,470

 
8,123

Stock-based compensation
22,037

 
16,727

Loss on disposal of property and equipment, net
29

 
199

Change in fair value of preferred stock warrant liabilities
—

 
732

Change in fair value of contingent consideration
(136
)
 
—

Unrealized foreign currency gain
(58
)
 
(1,356
)
Deferred income taxes
(2,143
)
 
(43
)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of business acquisition:
 
 
 
Accounts receivable
(12,300
)
 
(5,301
)
Prepaid expenses and other assets
996

 
(1,936
)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
11,568

 
9,115

Other liabilities
(1,295
)
 
(906
)
Net cash provided by operating activities
21,185

 
5,252

INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Purchases of property and equipment
(7,757
)
 
(8,564
)
Capitalized internal use software development costs
(6,058
)
 
(6,619
)
Acquisition, net of cash acquired
(8,647
)
 
—

Investments in available-for-sale securities
(29,884
)
 
—

Maturities and sales of available-for-sale securities
1,600

 
—

Change in restricted cash
1,100

 
100

Net cash used in investing activities
(49,646
)
 
(15,083
)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock in initial public offering, net of underwriting discounts and commissions
—

 
89,733

Payments of initial public offering costs
—

 
(3,037
)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options
10,674

 
1,194

Proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan
759

 
—

Repayment of debt and capital lease obligations
(105
)
 
(4,025
)
Net cash provided by financing activities
11,328

 
83,865

EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
(198
)
 
99

CHANGE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
(17,331
)
 
74,133

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS--Beginning of period
97,196

 
29,956

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS--End of period
$
79,865

 
$
104,089

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF OTHER CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
 
 
 
Capitalized assets financed by accounts payable and accrued expenses
$
920

 
$
1,124

Leasehold improvements paid by landlord
$
—

 
$
803

Capitalized stock-based compensation
$
586

 
$
492

Conversion of preferred stock to common stock
$
—

 
$
52,571

Reclassification of preferred stock warrant liabilities to additional-paid-in-capital
$
—

 
$
6,183

Reclassification of deferred offering costs to additional-paid-in-capital
$
—

 
$
3,533

Common stock and options issued for business acquisition
$
76,795

 
$
—


The accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

7
Table of Contents

THE RUBICON PROJECT, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
Note 1—Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Company Overview
The Rubicon Project, Inc., or Rubicon Project or the Company, was formed on April 20, 2007 in Delaware and began operations in April 2007. The Company is headquartered in Los Angeles, California.
The Company is a technology company with a mission to automate the buying and selling of advertising. The Company offers a highly scalable platform that provides an automated advertising solution for buyers and sellers of digital advertising.

The Company delivers value to buyers and sellers of digital advertising through the Company’s proprietary advertising automation solution, which provides critical functionality to both buyers and sellers. The advertising automation solution consists of applications for sellers, including providers of websites, applications and other digital media properties, to sell their advertising inventory; applications for buyers, including advertisers, agencies, agency trading desks, demand side platforms, and ad networks, to buy advertising inventory; and a marketplace over which such transactions are executed. This solution incorporates proprietary machine-learning algorithms, sophisticated data processing, high-volume storage, detailed analytics capabilities, and a distributed infrastructure. Together, these features form the basis for the Company’s automated advertising solution that brings buyers and sellers together and facilitates intelligent decision-making and automated transaction execution for the advertising inventory managed on the Company’s platform. On April 24, 2015, the Company completed the acquisition of Chango Inc., or Chango, a Toronto based intent marketing technology company. The acquisition expanded the Company's buyer capabilities and expertise, and expanded the Company's agency and brand advertiser transactions.
 
Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim period presented have been included. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2015, for any future interim period, or for any future year.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2014 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date, but does not include all of the disclosures required by GAAP. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company's audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2014 included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K.

There have been no significant changes in the Company’s accounting policies from those disclosed in its audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2014 included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K, except for revenue recognition, which has been updated to include the impact of reporting revenue on a gross basis for certain arrangements of Chango. The operations of Chango were combined with the Company's historic buyer cloud operations, as discussed further below.
Reclassifications
Certain amounts in the consolidated balance sheet for December 31, 2014 have been reclassified to conform with current-period presentation.     
Use of Estimates
The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported and disclosed financial statements and accompanying footnotes. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.
Revenue Recognition
The Company updated its revenue recognition policy to include transactions for which the Company manages campaigns on behalf of buyers and reports the related revenue on a gross basis.


8
Table of Contents

The Company generates revenue from buyers and sellers in transactions in which they use the Company’s solution for the purchase and sale of advertising inventory, and also in transactions in which the Company manages ad campaigns on behalf of buyers. The Company recognizes revenue when four basic criteria are met: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, (iii) the fees are fixed or determinable, and (iv) collectibility is reasonably assured. The Company maintains separate arrangements with each buyer and seller either in the form of a master agreement, which specifies the terms of the relationship and access to the Company’s solution, or by insertion orders, which specify price and volume requests and other terms. The Company recognizes revenue upon the completion of a transaction, that is, when an impression has been delivered to the consumer viewing a website or application. The Company assesses whether fees are fixed or determinable based on impressions delivered and the contractual terms of the arrangements. Subsequent to the delivery of an impression, the fees are generally not subject to adjustment or refund. Historically, any refunds and adjustments have not been material. The Company assesses collectibility based on a number of factors, including the creditworthiness of a buyer and seller and payment and transaction history. The Company’s revenue arrangements generally do not include multiple deliverables.

Revenue is reported depending on whether the Company functions as principal or agent. The determination of whether the Company acts as the principal or the agent requires the Company to evaluate a number of indicators, none of which is presumptive or determinative. For transactions in which the Company is the principal, revenue is reported on a gross basis for the amount paid by buyers for the purchase of advertising inventory and related services and the Company records the amounts paid to sellers as cost of revenue. For transactions in which the Company is the agent, revenue is reported on a net basis for the amount of fees charged to the buyer (if any), and fees retained from or charged to the seller.

The Company enters into arrangements for which it manages advertising campaigns on behalf of buyers. The Company is the principal in these arrangements as it: (i) is the primary obligor in the advertising inventory purchase transaction; (ii) establishes the purchase prices paid by the buyer; (iii) performs all billing and collection activities including the retention of credit risk; (iv) has latitude in selecting suppliers; (v) negotiates the price it pays to suppliers of inventory; and (vi) makes all inventory purchasing decisions. Accordingly, for these arrangements the Company reports revenue on a gross basis.

For the Company's other arrangements, in which the Company’s solution matches buyers and sellers, enables them to purchase and sell advertising inventory, and establishes rules and parameters for advertising inventory transactions, the Company recognizes revenue on a net basis because the Company: (i) is not the primary obligor for the purchase of advertising inventory but rather provides a platform to facilitate the buying and selling of advertising; (ii) does not have pricing latitude as pricing is generally determined through the Company’s auction process and/or the Company’s fees are based on a percentage of advertising spend; and (iii) does not directly select suppliers.
Expenses
The Company classifies its expenses into four categories:
Cost of Revenue
The Company’s cost of revenue consists primarily of amounts the Company pays sellers for transactions for which the Company is the principal and reports revenues on a gross basis, data center costs, bandwidth costs, depreciation and maintenance expense of hardware supporting the Company’s revenue-producing platform, amortization of software costs for the development of the Company’s revenue-producing platform, amortization expense associated with acquired developed technologies, personnel costs, and facilities-related costs. Amounts the Company pays sellers includes the cost of advertising impressions the Company purchases from sellers through third-party exchanges in transactions for which the Company is the principal. Personnel costs included in cost of revenue include salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, and employee benefit costs, and are primarily attributable to personnel in our network operations group, who support the Company’s platform. The Company capitalizes costs associated with software that is developed or obtained for internal use and amortizes the costs associated with the Company’s revenue-producing platform in cost of revenue over their estimated useful lives. The Company amortizes acquired developed technologies over their estimated useful lives. Many of these expenses are generally fixed and do not increase or decrease in direct proportion to increases or decreases in our revenue.
Sales and Marketing
The Company’s sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including stock-based compensation and the sales bonuses paid to the Company’s sales organization, marketing expenses such as brand marketing, travel expenses, trade shows and marketing materials, professional services, and amortization expense associated with customer relationships and backlog from our business acquisitions, and to a lesser extent, facilities-related costs and depreciation and amortization. The Company's sales organization focuses on marketing the Company's solution to increase the adoption of the solution by existing and new buyers and sellers. The Company amortizes acquired intangibles associated with customer relationships and backlog from the Company's business acquisitions over their estimated useful lives.

9
Table of Contents


Technology and Development
The Company’s technology and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, and professional services associated with the ongoing development and maintenance of the Company’s solution, and to a lesser extent, facilities-related costs and depreciation and amortization, including amortization expense associated with acquired intangible assets from the Company's business acquisitions that are related to technology and development functions. These expenses include costs incurred in the development, implementation, and maintenance of internal use software, including platform and related infrastructure. Technology and development costs are expensed as incurred, except to the extent that such costs are associated with internal use software development that qualifies for capitalization, which are then recorded as internal use software development costs on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. The Company amortizes internal use software development costs that relate to its revenue-producing activities on its platform to cost of revenue and amortizes other internal use software development costs to technology and development costs or general and administrative expenses, depending on the nature of the related project. The Company amortizes acquired intangibles associated with technology and development functions from the Company's business acquisitions over their estimated useful lives.
General and Administrative
The Company’s general and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, associated with the Company’s executive, finance, legal, human resources, compliance, and other administrative personnel, as well as accounting and legal professional services fees, facilities-related costs and depreciation, and other corporate related expenses. General and administrative expenses also include internal use software development costs and acquired intangible assets from the Company's business acquisitions over their estimated useful lives that relate to general and administrative functions and changes in fair value associated with the liability-classified contingent consideration related to business acquisitions.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Marketable Securities
The Company invests excess cash primarily in money market funds, corporate debt securities, and highly liquid debt instruments of the U.S. government and its agencies. The Company classifies investments held in money market funds as cash equivalents included in cash and cash equivalents as they have weighted-average maturities at the date of purchase of less than 90 days, U.S. government and agency bonds and corporate debt securities with stated maturities of less than one year as short-term investments included in prepaid and other current assets, and U.S. government and agency bonds and corporate debt securities with stated maturities of over a year as long-term investments included in other assets, non-current on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, as the Company does not expect to redeem or sell these securities within one year from the balance sheet date.
The Company determines the appropriate classification of investments in marketable securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation at each balance sheet date. The Company classifies and accounts for the Company’s marketable securities as available-for-sale, and as a result carries the securities at fair value and reports the unrealized gains and losses as a component of stockholders’ equity. The Company determines any realized gains or losses on the sale of marketable securities on a specific identification method, and the Company records such gains and losses as a component of other income, net on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or the JOBS Act, the Company meets the definition of an emerging growth company. The Company has irrevocably elected to opt out of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards pursuant to Section 107(b) of the JOBS Act.

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued new accounting guidance that requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue it expects to earn from the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The new accounting guidance will replace most existing GAAP revenue recognition guidance when it becomes effective. The new guidance is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted for annual reporting periods (including interim periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2016. The guidance permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. In August 2015, the FASB issued an amendment deferring the effective date by one year making it effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after December 15, 2017, while also providing for early adoption but not before the original effective date. The Company has not yet selected a transition method nor has it determined the effect of this guidance on its ongoing financial reporting.


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In April 2015, the FASB issued new accounting guidance that simplified the presentation of debt issuance costs by requiring debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability to be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability.  In August 2015, the FASB issued an amendment to this guidance stating an entity may defer and present debt issuing costs associated with line of credit arrangements as an asset and subsequently amortize the deferred debt issuance costs ratably over the term of the line of credit arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings on the line of credit arrangement. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted for financial statements that have not been previously issued. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In April 2015, the FASB issued new accounting guidance to customers about whether a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license. If a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license, then the customer should account for the software license element of the arrangement consistent with the acquisition of other software licenses. If a cloud computing arrangement does not include a software license, the customer should account for the arrangement as a service contract. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted for financial statements that have not been previously issued. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In September 2015, the FASB issued new accounting guidance, which requires an acquirer in a business combination to recognize adjustments to the provisional amounts identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. The acquirer is also required to either present separately on the face of the income statement or disclose in the notes to the financial statements the portion of the amounts recorded in the current-period earnings by line item that would have been recorded in previous periods if the adjustment to the provisional amounts had been recognized as of the acquisition date. The new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 31, 2015, with early application permitted, and shall apply to adjustments to provisional amounts that occur after the effective date. The Company is currently assessing the impact this guidance will have on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Note 2—Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders
The following table presents the basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders:
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
(In thousands, except per share data)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders
$
(3,009
)
 
$
(4,622
)
 
$
(19,983
)
 
$
(21,218
)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding
44,028

 
35,865

 
41,190

 
27,746

Weighted-average unvested restricted shares
(1,723
)
 
(2,192
)
 
(1,707
)
 
(1,616
)
Weighted-average escrow shares
(997
)
 
—

 
(636
)
 
—

Weighted-average common shares outstanding used to compute net loss per share attributable to common stockholders
41,308

 
33,673

 
38,847

 
26,130

Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders
$
(0.07
)
 
$
(0.14
)
 
$
(0.51
)
 
$
(0.81
)
The following shares have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for each period presented because they are anti-dilutive:
 
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
(in thousands)
Options to purchase common stock
6,778

 
8,246

Unvested restricted stock awards
1,707

 
2,188

Unvested restricted stock units
2,739

 
298

Shares held in escrow
997

 
—

Total shares excluded from net loss per share attributable to common stockholders
12,221

 
10,732


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Table of Contents

In addition to the above anti-dilutive shares, shares contingently issuable if certain milestones are achieved on December 31, 2015 related to business combinations that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2014 and during the nine months ended September 30, 2015 have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015.
In connection with the acquisition of iSocket, Inc., or iSocket, which occurred during the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company may be required to issue up to $12.0 million of contingent consideration payable in shares of common stock if certain performance milestones have been achieved as of December 31, 2015. The number of shares to be issued is based on the average closing price of the Company's common stock for the ten consecutive trading days ending on (and including) the last trading day of 2015. If September 30, 2015 had been the end of the contingency period, 821,862 shares would have been issuable.
In connection with the acquisition of Chango, which occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company agreed to pay up to $18.2 million of contingent consideration in addition to 126,098 shares held in escrow, if certain milestones have been achieved as of December 31, 2015. The Company has the option to pay the contingent consideration in cash or common stock, or a combination thereof. As of September 30, 2015, the entire contingent consideration issuable in connection with the Chango acquisition was deemed earned (See Note 5). If the Company elects to pay the contingent consideration in shares, the number of shares to be issued in connection with the contingent consideration would be based on the greater of the volume-weighted-average closing prices of the Company's common stock for the 10 consecutive trading days ending on (and including) the trading day that is one day prior to December 31, 2015 and $18.77. If September 30, 2015 had been the end of the contingency period, 957,407 shares would have been issuable.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2014, the Company increased net loss by $1.1 million for cumulative preferred stock dividends in determining its net loss attributable to common stockholders. Upon the completion of the Company’s IPO in April 2014, all of the preferred stock converted to common stock and accordingly, after the IPO the Company was no longer required to increase its net loss for preferred stock dividends in determining its net loss attributable to common stockholders.
Note 3—Fair Value Measurements
Fair value represents the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Observable inputs are based on market data obtained from independent sources. The fair value hierarchy is based on the following three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last one is considered unobservable:

•
Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.


•
Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

•
Level 3 – Unobservable inputs.
The table below sets forth a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at September 30, 2015:

 
September 30, 2015
 
Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using  
 
 
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant Other
Observable
Inputs (Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs (Level 3)  
 
(in thousands)
Money market funds
$
27,739

 
$
27,739

 
$
—

 
$
—

Corporate debt securities
$
12,785

 
$
12,785

 
$
—

 
$
—

U.S. Treasury, government and agency debt securities
$
15,499

 
$
15,499

 
$
—

 
$
—

Contingent consideration liabilities
$
27,483

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
27,483


12
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The table below sets forth a summary of financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2014:

 
December 31, 2014
 
Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using  
 
 
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant Other
Observable
Inputs (Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs (Level 3)  
 
(in thousands)
Money market funds
$
55,963

 
$
55,963

 
$
—

 
$
—

Contingent consideration liabilities
$
11,448

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
11,448


At September 30, 2015, cash equivalents of $27.7 million consisted of money market funds with original maturities of three months or less. The fair values of the Company's money market funds, U.S. treasury, government and agency debt securities, and corporate debt securities are based on quoted market prices as shown in the Company's investment brokerage statements.
The Company classified the contingent consideration liabilities, which were incurred in connection with the acquisitions of iSocket and Chango, within Level 3 as factors used to develop the estimated fair value include unobservable inputs that are not supported by market activity. The Company estimated the fair value of the contingent consideration liability related to the iSocket acquisition by discounting the present value of probability-weighted future payout related to the contingent earn-out criteria using an estimate of the Company's incremental borrowing rate. At December 31, 2014 and at September 30, 2015, the Company considered it highly likely that the iSocket earn-out criteria would be met. On Chango's acquisition date, the Company estimated the fair value of the contingent consideration liability related to the Chango acquisition by using a Monte-Carlo model as the fair value of the contingent consideration was dependent on both the performance milestones being achieved and the post-acquisition prices of the Company's common stock. Subsequent to Chango's acquisition date, the operations of Chango were fully integrated into the operations of the Company. Accordingly, pursuant to the acquisition agreement, because Chango would no longer be operated separate from the Company's other operations in accordance with the agreed-upon business plan, the entire contingent consideration was deemed earned. As a result, the changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability will primarily be dependent on prices of the Company's common stock for periods subsequent to Chango's acquisition date. Changes in these unobservable inputs could significantly impact the fair value of the contingent consideration liability recorded in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and adjustments recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.
For each of the three months ended September 30, 2015 and nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company recognized a gain of $0.1 million relating to the change in fair value of the contingent consideration liabilities, which was recorded in general and administrative expenses. The contingent consideration liability related to the iSocket acquisition is payable in shares and the number of shares to be issued is based on the average closing price of the Company's common stock for the 10 consecutive trading days ending on (and including) the last trading day of 2015. The contingent consideration liability related to the Chango acquisition is payable in cash or shares, or a combination thereof, and the number of shares issued, in addition to 126,098 shares held in escrow related to the contingent consideration, is based on the greater of the volume-weighted-average closing prices of the Company's common stock for the 10 consecutive trading days ending on (and including) the trading day that is one day prior to December 31, 2015 and $18.77.
The Company’s pre-IPO preferred stock warrants are recorded at fair value and were determined to be Level 3 fair value items. The changes in the fair value of preferred stock warrants are summarized below:
 
 
Three Month Roll Forward
 
Nine Month Roll Forward
 
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
 
(in thousands)
Beginning balance
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
5,451

Change in value of preferred stock warrants recorded in other expense, net
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
732

Net exercise of preferred stock warrant and conversion of preferred stock warrant to common stock warrant
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(6,183
)
Ending balance
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—


13
Table of Contents

The Company’s contingent consideration liabilities are recorded at fair value and were determined to be Level 3 fair value items. The changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration liabilities are summarized below:
 
 
Three Month Roll Forward
 
Nine Month Roll Forward
 
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
 
(in thousands)
Beginning balance
 
$
27,622

 
$
—

 
$
11,448

 
$
—

Increase to contingent consideration liability related to the Chango acquisition
 
—

 
—

 
16,171

 
—

Change in fair value of contingent consideration liabilities recorded in general and administrative expense
 
(139
)
 
—

 
(136
)
 
—

Ending balance
 
$
27,483

 
$
—

 
$
27,483

 
$
—

Note 4—Other Balance Sheet Amounts
The Company holds restricted cash required to fulfill its payment obligations if the Company defaults under a software license agreement and certain building leases. At September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other current assets was $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively. At December 31, 2014, restricted cash included in other assets, non-current was $1.0 million.     
Investments in marketable securities as of September 30, 2015 consisted of the following:
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
Available-for-sale - short-term:
(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury, government and agency debt securities
$
8,676

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
8,676

Corporate debt securities
12,785

 
—

 
—

 
12,785

Total
$
21,461

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
21,461

Available-for-sale - long-term:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury, government and agency debt securities
$
6,823

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
6,823

As of September 30, 2015, the Company's available-for-sale securities had a weighted remaining contractual maturity of 0.7 years. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 the gross realized gains and gross realized losses were not significant and there were no unrealized holding gains (losses) reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive loss into the consolidated statements of operations for the sale of available-for-sale investments.
The Company had no investments in marketable securities as of December 31, 2014.
The amortized cost and fair value of the Company's marketable securities at September 30, 2015, by contractual years-to-maturity are as follows:
 
Amortized Cost
 
Fair Value
 
(in thousands)
Due in less than 1 year
$
21,461

 
$
21,461

Due within 1-2 years
6,823

 
6,823

Total
$
28,284

 
$
28,284


14
Table of Contents

Accounts payable and accrued expenses included the following:

September 30, 2015

December 31, 2014

(in thousands)
Accounts payable—seller
$
146,439


$
138,366

Accounts payable—trade
8,803


5,350

Accrued employee-related payables
11,833


7,305

Total
$
167,075


$
151,021

At September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, accounts payable—seller are recorded net of $0.7 million, respectively, due from sellers for services provided by the Company to sellers, where the Company has the right of offset.
 Note 5—Business Combinations
Chango Inc.
On April 24, 2015, or the Acquisition Date, the Company completed the acquisition of all the issued and outstanding shares of Chango, a Toronto, Canada based intent marketing technology company. The acquisition expanded the Company's premium advertising marketplace with intent marketing technology.
The purchase consideration for the acquisition included 4,191,878 shares of the Company's common stock, with a fair value of approximately $72.5 million, based on the Company's stock price as reported on the NYSE on the Acquisition Date. 639,318 of the 4,191,878 shares of the Company's common stock were placed in escrow to secure post-closing indemnification obligations of the sellers and any shares remaining in escrow after satisfaction of any resolved indemnity claims, less any shares withheld to satisfy pending or resolved claims, will be released from escrow on July 24, 2016. In addition, the Company issued 106,553 shares of the Company's common stock on the date of the acquisition, which were placed in escrow, related to employee future service requirements which were excluded from the purchase consideration and will be expensed in the Company's post acquisition statement of operations. The Company also used approximately $9.1 million of cash to repay Chango's outstanding debt, including accrued interest, and to pay Chango's outstanding transaction expenses.
The purchase consideration also included contingent consideration of up to approximately $18.2 million worth of the Company's common stock and 126,098 shares held in escrow based upon Chango's performance against certain agreed-upon operating objectives for the year ending December 31, 2015. The Company has the option to pay the contingent consideration in cash or common stock, or a combination thereof. A portion of the contingent consideration shares with a value of approximately $2.4 million, or 126,098 shares of the Company's stock based on the common stock issuance price pursuant to the purchase agreement, were issued and placed in escrow. The number of shares to be issued in connection with the contingent consideration, excluding the escrow shares, is based on the greater of the volume-weighted-average closing prices of the Company's common stock for the 10 consecutive trading days ending on (and including) the trading day that is one day prior to December 31, 2015 and $18.77. The fair value was estimated using a Monte-Carlo model as the fair value of the contingent consideration was dependent on both the performance milestones being achieved and the post-acquisition prices of the Company's common stock. The total contingent consideration was recorded at an estimated fair value of $16.2 million. The fair value of the contingent consideration provided herein assumed the probability of the performance milestones being achieved and the probability that the Company would settle the contingent consideration in common stock. The contingent consideration has been recorded as a non-current liability in the consolidated balance sheet as the contingent consideration is payable in a variable number of shares at the Acquisition Date. Changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability will be recorded in the Company's consolidated statement of operations. Subsequent to the Acquisition Date, the operations of Chango were fully integrated into the operations of the Company. Accordingly, pursuant to the acquisition agreement, because Chango would no longer be operated separate from the Company's other operations in accordance with the agreed-upon business plan, the entire contingent consideration was deemed earned. As a result, the changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability post-acquisition will primarily be dependent on prices of the Company's common stock for periods subsequent to Chango's Acquisition Date.
As part of the acquisition, existing stock options to purchase common stock of Chango were exchanged for 428,798 options to purchase the Company's common stock. The fair value of stock options exchanged on the Acquisition Date attributable to pre-acquisition services of approximately $4.3 million has been recorded as purchase consideration. The fair value of stock options exchanged on the Acquisition Date attributable to post-acquisition services of $2.4 million will be recorded as additional stock-based compensation expense in the Company's consolidated statement of operations over their remaining requisite service (vesting) periods.

15
Table of Contents

The total purchase consideration and the allocation of the total purchase consideration to assets acquired and liabilities assumed is summarized below (in thousands):
Shares of the Company's common stock
$
72,477

Estimated fair value of contingent consideration
16,171

Fair value of stock-based awards exchanged
4,318

Cash paid
9,097

Working capital adjustment
(184
)
Total purchase consideration
101,879

Cash
450

Accounts receivable
13,333

Prepaid and other assets
1,025

Fixed assets
265

Intangible assets, including in process research and development of $580
52,420

Goodwill
52,513

Total assets acquired
$
120,006

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
5,825

Other liabilities
443

Deferred tax liability, net
11,859

Total liabilities assumed
18,127

Total net assets acquired
$
101,879

The purchase price allocation is preliminary and subject to change pending finalization of the valuation.
As part of the acquisition, the Company recorded deferred tax liabilities related to acquired intangibles of $13.9 million net of deferred tax assets of $2.0 million, primarily related to net operating loss carry forwards.
The following table summarizes the components of the acquired intangible assets and estimated useful lives (in thousands, except for estimated useful life):
 
 
Estimated Useful Life
Technology
$
22,000

3 - 5 years
In-process research and development
580

3 years*
Customer relationships
22,000

5 years
Backlog
3,090

<1 year
Non-compete agreements
4,500

2 years
Trademarks
250

<1 year
Total intangible assets acquired
$
52,420

 
* Amortization begins once associated project is completed and it is determined it has alternative future use.
The intangible assets are generally amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the pattern in which the economic benefits are consumed, over their estimated useful lives. Amortization of developed technology is included in cost of revenues, the amortization of customer relationships and backlog is included in sales and marketing, the amortization of non-compete agreements is included in technology and development and general and administrative, and the amortization of trademarks is included in general and administrative in the consolidated statement of operations.
The Company believes the amount of goodwill resulting from the acquisition is primarily attributable to expected synergies from assembled workforce, an increase in development capabilities, increased offerings to customers, and enhanced opportunities for growth and innovation. The goodwill resulting from the Chango acquisition is not tax deductible.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company recognized approximately $1.3 million in professional fees directly related to the acquisition of Chango, primarily composed of legal, accounting, and valuation costs, which are recorded within general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. In addition, as part of the acquisition of Chango, the Company acquired Chango's NOLs of approximately $7.2 million.

16
Table of Contents

Unaudited Pro Forma Information
On October 20, 2014, the Company completed the acquisition of all the issued and outstanding shares of Shiny, Inc., or Shiny, a Toronto, Canada based technology company focused on providing an end-to-end automated direct advertising platform for digital buyers of all sizes.
On November 17, 2014, the Company completed the acquisition of all the issued and outstanding shares of iSocket, a San Francisco, California based technology company focused on automating the direct buying and selling of premium, guaranteed ad inventory.    
The following table provides unaudited pro forma information as if Shiny, iSocket, and Chango had been acquired as of January 1, 2014. The unaudited pro forma information reflects adjustments for additional amortization resulting from the fair value adjustments to assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The pro forma results do not include any anticipated cost synergies or other effects of the integration of Shiny, iSocket, and Chango or recognition of compensation expense relating to the earn-out. Accordingly, pro forma amounts are not necessarily indicative of the results that actually would have occurred had the acquisition been completed on the dates indicated, nor is it indicative of the future operating results of the combined company.
 
Three Months Ended
 
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
(in thousands, except per share data)
Pro forma revenues
$
64,253

 
$
41,983

 
$
171,127

 
$
111,156

Pro forma net loss
$
(2,924
)
 
$
(11,779
)
 
$
(23,324
)
 
$
(50,832
)
Pro forma net loss per share
$
(0.07
)
 
$
(0.31
)
 
$
(0.56
)
 
$
(1.71
)
Subsequent to the Acquisition Date, the operations of Chango were fully integrated into the operations of the Company and as a result, the determination of Chango’s post-acquisition revenues and operating results on a standalone basis are impracticable given the integration of the Chango operations with the Company's operations.
Note 6—Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Details of the Company’s goodwill were as follows:
 
 
September 30, 2015
 
December 31, 2014
 
 
(in thousands)
Beginning balance
 
$
16,290

 
$
1,491

Additions from the acquisition of iSocket
 
—

 
11,778

Additions from the acquisition of Shiny
 
—

 
3,021

Additions from the acquisition of Chango
 
52,513

 
—

Ending balance
 
$
68,803

 
$
16,290


17
Table of Contents

Details of the Company’s intangible assets were as follows:
 
 
September 30, 2015
 
December 31, 2014
 
 
(in thousands)
Amortizable intangible assets:
 
 
 
 
Developed technology
 
$
35,176

 
$
13,176

In-process research and development
 
580

 
—

Customer relationships
 
25,330

 
3,330

Backlog
 
3,090

 
—

Non-compete agreements
 
4,990

 
490

Trademarks
 
253

 
3

Total identifiable intangible assets, gross
 
69,419

 
16,999

Total accumulated amortization—intangible assets
 
(13,991
)
 
(2,909
)
Total identifiable intangible assets, net
 
$
55,428

 
$
14,090

Amortization expense of intangible assets for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 was $4.8 million and $0.1 million, respectively. Amortization expense of intangible assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 was $11.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively.
As of September 30, 2015, the estimated remaining amortization expense associated with the Company’s intangible assets for each of the next five fiscal years was as follows:
Fiscal Year
Amount
 
(in thousands)
2015
$
4,646

2016
16,227

2017
13,725

2018
9,941

2019 and thereafter
10,889

Total
$
55,428

Note 7—Stock-Based Compensation
The Company's equity incentive plans provide for the grant of equity awards, including non-statutory or incentive stock options, restricted stock, and restricted stock units, to the Company’s employees, officers, directors and consultants. The Company’s board of directors administers the plans. Options outstanding vest based upon continued service at varying rates, but generally over four years from issuance with 25% vesting after one year of service and the remainder vesting monthly thereafter. Restricted stock and restricted stock units vest at varying rates. Options, restricted stock, and restricted stock units granted under the plans accelerate under certain circumstances on a change in control, as defined therein. The Company assumed Chango's 2009 Stock Option Plan as part of the acquisition. An aggregate of 1,422,562 shares remained available for issuance at September 30, 2015 under the plans.


18
Table of Contents

Stock Options
A summary of stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 is as follows:

Shares Under Option
 
Weighted- Average Exercise Price
 
Weighted- Average Contractual Life
 
Aggregate Intrinsic Value

(in thousands)
 
 
 
 
 
(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2014
8,113

 
$
8.05

 
 
 
 
Granted
1,213

 
$
12.42

 
 
 
 
Exercised
(2,034
)
 
$
5.33

 
 
 
 
Canceled
(514
)
 
$
11.64

 
 
 
 
Outstanding at September 30, 2015
6,778

 
$
9.38

 
7.41 years
 
$
37,232

Vested and expected to vest September 30, 2015
6,336

 
$
9.21

 
7.35 years
 
$
35,817

Exercisable at September 30, 2015
3,622

 
$
7.25

 
6.69 years
 
$
26,660

At September 30, 2015, the Company had unrecognized employee stock-based compensation expense relating to stock options of approximately $16.2 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.
The weighted-average grant date per share fair value of stock options granted in the nine months ended September 30, 2015 was $9.47.
The Company estimates the fair value of stock options that contain service and/or performance conditions using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The weighted-average input assumptions used by the Company were as follows:
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
Expected term (in years)
6.0

 
6.0

 
4.3

 
6.0

Risk-free interest rate
1.74
%
 
1.90
%
 
1.26
%
 
1.83
%
Expected volatility
43
%
 
51
%
 
48
%
 
53
%
Dividend yield
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
    
Restricted Stock
A summary of restricted stock activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 is as follows:
 
Number of Shares
 
(in thousands)
Nonvested shares of restricted stock outstanding at December 31, 2014
1,750

Granted
552

Canceled
(71
)
Vested
(524
)
Nonvested shares of restricted stock outstanding at September 30, 2015
1,707


At September 30, 2015, the Company had unrecognized employee stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock with service conditions of approximately $13.2 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.2 years. At September 30, 2015, the Company had unrecognized employee stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock with market conditions granted in a prior year of approximately $1.3 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 5.6 years.

The weighted-average grant date per share fair value of restricted stock with service conditions granted in the nine months ended September 30, 2015 was $16.75.


19
Table of Contents

In May 2015, the Company granted certain executives shares of restricted stock that vest based on certain stock price performance metrics. The grant date fair value per share of restricted stock was $13.81, which was estimated using a Monte-Carlo lattice model. At September 30, 2015, the Company had unrecognized employee stock-based compensation expense of approximately $3.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.5 years. The compensation expense will not be reversed if the performance metrics are not met.

Restricted Stock Units
A summary of restricted stock unit activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 is as follows:
 
Number of Shares
 
(in thousands)
Nonvested shares of restricted stock units outstanding at December 31, 2014
845

Granted
2,161

Canceled
(193
)
Vested
(74
)
Nonvested shares of restricted stock units outstanding at September 30, 2015
2,739


At September 30, 2015, the Company had unrecognized employee stock-based compensation expense relating to restricted stock units of approximately $29.8 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.5 years.
The weighted-average grant date fair value per share of restricted stock units granted in the nine months ended September 30, 2015 was $16.59.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In November 2013, the Company's board of directors adopted the Company's 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or ESPP. The ESPP is designed to enable eligible employees to periodically purchase shares of the Company's common stock at a discount through payroll deductions of up to 10% of their eligible compensation, subject to any plan limitations. At the end of each six month offering period, employees are able to purchase shares at a price per share equal to 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the first trading day of the offering period or on the last trading day of the offering period. Offering periods generally commence and end in May and November of each year.

The Company has reserved 896,927 shares of its common stock for issuance under the ESPP and shares reserved for issuance will increase on January 1st of each year by the lesser of (i) a number of shares equal to 1% of the total number of outstanding shares of common stock on the December 31st immediately prior to the date of increase or (ii) such number of shares as may be determined by the board of directors. In May 2015, a total of 68,516 shares of common stock were purchased for the first offering period. The Company estimated the total grant date fair value of the ESPP awards for the second offering period ending in November 2015 of $0.5 million using a Black-Scholes model with the following assumptions: term of 6 months corresponding with the offering period; volatility of 51% based on the Company's historical volatility for a six month period; no dividend yield; and risk-free interest rate of 0.09%. Compensation costs are recognized on a straight-line basis over the offering period.    

Stock-Based Compensation Expense     
Total stock-based compensation expense recorded in the consolidated statements of operations was as follows:  
 
Three Months Ended
 
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
(in thousands)
Cost of revenue
$
65

 
$
39

 
$
177

 
$
127

Sales and marketing
2,197

 
793

 
5,180

 
2,070

Technology and development
1,525

 
530

 
3,431

 
1,257

General and administrative
5,013

 
5,788

 
13,249

 
13,273

Total stock-based compensation
$
8,800

 
$
7,150

 
$
22,037

 
$
16,727


20
Table of Contents

Note 8—Income Taxes
In determining quarterly provisions for income taxes, the Company uses the annual estimated effective tax rate applied to the actual year-to-date income. The Company’s annual estimated effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate primarily as a result of state taxes, foreign taxes, nondeductible stock option expenses, and changes in the Company’s valuation allowance.

The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $2.1 million and zero for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and an income tax benefit of $2.4 million and an income tax provision of $0.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The tax benefit during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 is the result of net operating losses generated by the Canadian operations acquired as part of the Chango acquisition during the period.

The Company does not expect to have any significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits through the end of the fiscal year. Because of the Company’s history of tax losses, all years remain open to tax audit.
Note 9—Commitments and Contingencies
Operating Leases
The Company has commitments under non-cancelable operating leases for facilities and certain equipment, and its managed data center facilities. Total rent expense was $1.6 million for each of the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and $3.9 million and $4.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company entered into new operating leases. Future non-cancelable minimum commitments as of September 30, 2015 relating to these operating leases totaling $4.1 million are due through March 2020. During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, in connection with office leases, the Company entered into irrevocable letters of credit in the amount of $0.4 million. In addition, during the nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company did not exercise the early termination option for the sublease for its headquarters in Los Angeles, California. As of September 30, 2015 future non-cancelable minimum commitments increased by $8.9 million for this sublease.
Guarantees and Indemnification
The Company’s agreements with sellers, buyers, and other third parties typically obligate it to provide indemnity and defense for losses resulting from claims of intellectual property infringement, damages to property or persons, business losses, or other liabilities. Generally these indemnity and defense obligations relate to the Company’s own business operations, obligations, and acts or omissions. However, under some circumstances, the Company agrees to indemnify and defend contract counterparties against losses resulting from their own business operations, obligations, and acts or omissions, or the business operations, obligations, and acts or omissions of third parties. For example, because the Company’s business interposes the Company between buyers and sellers in various ways, buyers often require the Company to indemnify them against acts and omissions of sellers, and sellers often require the Company to indemnify them against acts and omissions of buyers. In addition, the Company’s agreements with sellers, buyers, and other third parties typically include provisions limiting the Company’s liability to the counterparty, and the counterparty’s liability to the Company. These limits sometimes do not apply to certain liabilities, including indemnity obligations. These indemnity and limitation of liability provisions generally survive termination or expiration of the agreements in which they appear. The Company has also entered into indemnification agreements with its directors, executive officers and certain other officers that will require the Company, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers or employees. No demands have been made upon the Company to provide indemnification under such agreements and there are no claims that the Company is aware of that could have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Litigation
The Company and its subsidiaries may from time to time be parties to legal or regulatory proceedings, lawsuits and other claims incident to their business activities and to the Company’s status as a public company. Such matters may include, among other things, assertions of contract breach or intellectual property infringement, claims for indemnity arising in the course of the Company’s business, regulatory investigations or enforcement proceedings, and claims by persons whose employment has been terminated. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties, and outcomes are not predictable with assurance. Consequently, management is unable to ascertain the ultimate aggregate amount of monetary liability, amounts which may be covered by insurance or recoverable from third parties, or the financial impact with respect to such matters as of September 30, 2015. However, based on management’s knowledge as of September 30, 2015, management believes that the final resolution of these matters known at such date, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect upon the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

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Employment Contracts
The Company has entered into severance agreements with certain employees and officers. The Company may be required to pay severance and accelerate the vesting of certain equity awards in the event of involuntary terminations.
Other Contracts
The Company is party to an engagement letter with an investment bank entered into in 2009 and amended in 2012. Pursuant to the engagement letter, the investment bank provided and may continue to provide strategic and consulting advice to the Company. The engagement letter also provides that, in case of a merger, tender offer, stock purchase, or other transaction resulting in the acquisition of the Company by another entity or the transfer of ownership or control of the Company or substantially all of its assets to another entity (a “Change in Control Transaction”) that is consummated before December 7, 2016 or pursuant to a definitive agreement entered into before that date, (i) the investment bank will provide investment banking services in connection with a Change in Control Transaction, if requested by the Company, and (ii) the Company will pay to the investment bank a fee equal to 2.5% of the total consideration paid or payable to the Company or its stockholders in the Change in Control Transaction, whether or not the Company requests such investment banking services. The investment bank was not entitled to participate in and did not receive any fee in connection with the Company's IPO.
Note 10—Subsequent Events
Subsequent to September 30, 2015, the Company entered into new operating leases for office facilities. Future non-cancelable minimum commitments relating to the operating leases totaling $5.8 million are due from October 2015 to August 2020.
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements, including statements based upon or relating to our expectations, assumptions, estimates, and projections. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “might,” “will,” “objective,” “intend,” “should,” “could,” “can,” “would,” “expect,” “believe,” “design,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “plan” or the negative of these terms, and similar expressions. Forward-looking statements may include, but are not limited to, statements concerning our anticipated performance, including revenue, margin, cash flow, balance sheet, and profit expectations; development of our technology; introduction of new offerings; scope and duration of client relationships; business mix; sales growth; client utilization of our offerings; market conditions and opportunities; and operational and financial measures including managed revenue, non-GAAP net revenue, paid impressions, average CPM, Adjusted EBITDA, and take rate; and factors that could affect these and other aspects of our business. These statements are not guarantees of future performance; they reflect our current views with respect to future events and are based on assumptions and estimates and subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from expectations or results projected or implied by forward-looking statements. These risks include, but are not limited to:

•
our ability to grow rapidly and to manage our growth effectively;
•
our ability to develop innovative new technologies and remain a market leader;
•
our ability to attract and retain buyers and sellers and increase our business with them;
•
our vulnerability to loss of, or reduction in spending by, large buyers;
•
the freedom of buyers and sellers to direct their spending and inventory to competing sources of inventory and demand;
•
our ability to use our solution to purchase and sell higher value advertising and to expand the use of our solution by buyers and sellers utilizing evolving digital media platforms;
•
our ability to introduce new solutions and bring them to market in a timely manner in response to client demands and industry trends, including shift in digital advertising growth from display to mobile channels;
•
uncertainty of our estimates and expectations associated with new offerings, including private marketplace, mobile, orders, automated guaranteed, and intent marketing solutions;
•
our ability to maintain a supply of advertising inventory from sellers;
•
uncertainty of our estimates and assumptions about the mix of gross and net reported transactions;
•
declining take rate associated with our buyer cloud transactions;
•
our belief that more transparent pricing in buyer cloud transactions will give us a competitive advantage, resulting in stronger relationships with our customers and driving higher spending with us in the future;
•
our limited operating history and history of losses;

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•
our ability to continue to expand into new geographic markets;
•
our ability to adapt effectively to shifts in digital advertising to mobile and video channels;
•
increased prevalence of ad blocking technologies;
•
the slowing growth rate of online digital display advertising;
•
the growing percentage of online and mobile advertising spending captured by owned and operated sites (such as Facebook and Google) where we are unable to participate;
•
the effects of increased competition in our market and increasing concentration of advertising spending, including mobile spending, in a small number of very large competitors, and our ability to compete effectively and to maintain our pricing and take rate;
•
requests from buyers and sellers for discounts, fee concessions or revisions, rebates, and greater levels of pricing transparency and specificity;
•
potential adverse effects of malicious activity such as fraudulent inventory and malware;
•
the effects of seasonal trends on our results of operations;
•
costs associated with defending intellectual property infringement and other claims;
•
our ability to attract and retain qualified employees and key personnel;
•
our ability to consummate and integrate future acquisitions of or investments in complementary companies or technologies and our ability to identify such companies or technologies;
•
our ability to comply with, and the effect on our business of, evolving legal standards and regulations, particularly concerning data protection and consumer privacy and evolving labor standards; and
•
our ability to develop and maintain our corporate infrastructure, including our finance and information technology systems and controls.
We discuss many of these risks in Part II of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q in greater detail under the heading “Risk Factors” and in other filings we make from time to time with the SEC. Also, these forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Unless required by federal securities laws, we assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated, to reflect circumstances or events that occur after the statements are made. Without limiting the foregoing, we generally give guidance only in connection with quarterly and annual earnings announcements, without interim updates, and we may appear at industry conferences or make other public statements without disclosing material nonpublic information in our possession. Given these uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.
Investors should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the documents that we reference in this report and have filed with the SEC completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.
    
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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Overview
We are a technology company on a mission to automate the buying and selling of advertising. We provide a complete advertising automation solution for both buyers and sellers. Our complete solution includes the ability to monetize sellers' inventory, including orders, on both a guaranteed and non-guaranteed basis, RTB, and static bidding, across different advertising units, such as display and video, across mobile and desktop channels. Our Advertising Automation Cloud is a highly scalable platform that provides leading user reach and a solution for buyers and sellers of digital advertising. Through the speed and big data analytics of our algorithm-based solution, we have transformed the cumbersome, complex process of direct buying and selling of digital advertising into a seamless automated process that optimizes results for both buyers and sellers. Buyers of digital advertising use our platform to reach over 650 million Internet users globally on some of the world’s leading websites and applications. Sellers of digital advertising use our platform to maximize revenue from advertising, decrease costs, and protect their brands and user experience, while accessing a global market of buyers representing top advertiser brands around the world. We believe the benefits we provide to both buyers and sellers, and the time and effort spent by both buyers and sellers to integrate with our platform and associated applications, give us a critical position in the digital advertising ecosystem.
Our Advertising Automation Cloud features applications for digital advertising sellers, including websites, applications and other digital media properties, to sell their advertising inventory; applications and services for buyers, including advertisers, agencies, agency trading desks, or ATDs, demand side platforms, or DSPs, and ad networks, to buy advertising inventory; and a marketplace over which such transactions are executed. Together, these features power and optimize a comprehensive, transparent, independent advertising marketplace that brings buyers and sellers together and facilitates intelligent decision-making and automated transaction execution for the advertising inventory we manage on our platform. Our Advertising Automation Cloud incorporates proprietary machine-learning algorithms, sophisticated data processing, high-volume storage, detailed analytics capabilities, and a distributed infrastructure. We analyze billions of data points in real time to enable our solution to make approximately 300 data-driven decisions per transaction in milliseconds, and to execute up to 5 million peak queries per second, and over 7 trillion bid requests per month. Since 2012, we have processed approximately 150 trillion bid requests. We believe we help increase the volume and effectiveness of advertising, increasing revenue for sellers and improving return on advertising investment for buyers.
We have direct relationships built on technical integration with our sellers. We believe that our direct relationships and integrations with sellers differentiate us from many other participants in the advertising ecosystem and make us a vital participant in the digital advertising industry. Our integration of sellers into our platform gives sellers the ability to monetize a full variety and volume of inventory. At the same time, buyers leverage our platform to manage their advertising spending, simplify order management and campaign tracking, obtain actionable insights into audiences for their advertising, and access impression-level purchasing from hundreds of sellers. We believe buyers need our platform because of our powerful solution and our direct relationships and integrations with some of the world’s largest sellers. Our solution is constantly self-optimizing based on our ability to analyze and learn from vast volumes of data. The additional data we obtain from the volume of transactions on our platform help make our machine-learning algorithms more intelligent, leading to higher quality matching between buyers and sellers, better return on investment for buyers, and higher revenue for sellers. As a result of that high quality matching, we attract even more sellers which in turn attracts more buyers and vice versa. We believe this self-reinforcing dynamic creates a strong platform for growth.
Since our incorporation in April 2007, we have invested in our solution to meet the complex needs of buyers and sellers of digital advertising. We have achieved significant growth as we have scaled our solution, including the functionality of our Advertising Automation Cloud and its applications for buyers and sellers. During our early stages, our solution helped sellers to automate their existing advertising network relationships to match the right buyer with each impression, as well as increase their revenue and decrease their costs. Between 2008 and 2009, we developed direct relationships with buyers and created applications to assist buyers to increase their return on investment. During 2010, we added RTB capabilities, allowing sellers’ inventory to be sold in an auction to buyers, creating a real time unified auction where buyers compete to purchase sellers’ advertising inventory. During 2012, we launched our private marketplace, which allows sellers to connect directly with pre-approved buyers to execute direct sales of previously unsold advertising inventory.
In 2014, we began offering Guaranteed Orders service, which enables buyers and sellers to transact in guaranteed advertising placements, and various services to assist buyers to purchase inventory through our marketplace and other exchanges.
In 2014, we expanded our orders automation technology and increased our capabilities in the automated guaranteed market with the acquisition of two companies, iSocket, Inc., or iSocket, and Shiny Inc., or Shiny. The addition of iSocket and Shiny provides additional solutions to automate the buying and selling of direct-sold and guaranteed deals. When combined with our existing orders technology, these acquisitions are expected to help us create a fully integrated solution for automating, streamlining, and managing the processes of direct buying and selling of guaranteed and non-guaranteed advertising.

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On April 24, 2015, we completed the acquisition of Chango Inc., or Chango, a Toronto, Canada based intent marketing technology company. The acquisition expanded our buyer capabilities and expertise and our agency and brand advertiser transactions. Chango's technology includes access to keyword, contextual targeting and retargeting budgets. The acquisition also reinforces our direct order automation technology and expands our buyer cloud initiatives, specifically through the advancement of our Orders (Guaranteed Orders and Non-Guaranteed Orders) platform, and will expand direct integrations with premium brands and agencies that constitute a large base of Chango’s current customers. During the second quarter of 2015, we fully integrated and consolidated the transactions, sales teams, technologies, and engineering teams of our direct order automation technology, our buyer cloud initiatives, and Chango, creating combined operations that we refer to as buyer cloud operations or buyer cloud transactions. As a result, the determination of Chango’s post-acquisition revenues and operating results on a standalone basis are impracticable given the integration of the Chango operations with our operations. Transactions generated through the buyer cloud generally are through direct contractual relationships between us and a buyer. Revenue attributable to the vast majority of buyer cloud transactions is reported on a gross basis in accordance with GAAP. Revenue is reported gross for those arrangements for which we manage advertising campaigns on behalf of buyers by acting as the primary obligor in the purchase of ad inventory, exercising discretion in establishing prices, and selecting and purchasing inventory from the seller. Revenue continues to be reported net for transactions in which buyers and sellers of advertising use our solution to execute or facilitate their purchase and sale of advertising. For additional information refer to the revenue recognition policy described in “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.”
Large agencies, DSPs and ad networks, many of which are already established in size and scale, are responsible for the majority of automated digital advertising spending. Accordingly, we believe our growth will be less affected by an increase in buyers than by increases in the amount of spending per buyer as more advertising shifts from traditional to automated buying and selling.
Another industry trend is the expansion of automated buying and selling of advertising through new channels, including mobile, which has market growth rates exceeding those of the desktop channel and is a critical area of operational focus for us. The growth of automated buying and selling of advertising is also expanding into new markets, and in some markets the adoption of automated digital advertising is greater than in the United States. We intend to expand our business in existing territories served and enter new territories.
We generate revenue from buyers and sellers who use our solution for the purchase and sale of advertising inventory. Buyers use our solution to reach their intended audiences by purchasing advertising inventory that we make available or in some cases purchase from sellers through our solution. We recognize revenue upon the completion of a transaction, which is when an impression has been delivered to the consumer viewing a website or application, subject to satisfying all other revenue recognition criteria. We generally bill and collect the full purchase price of impressions from buyers in RTB transactions, together with other fees, if applicable. For arrangements in which pricing is determined through our auction process and we are not the primary obligor for the purchase of advertising inventory, or for those arrangements whereby we generate revenue directly from sellers who maintain the primary relationship with buyers and utilize our solution to transact and optimize their activities, we have determined we do not act as the principal and accordingly we report revenue on a net basis. For arrangements in which we manage advertising campaigns on behalf of the buyer by acting as the primary obligor in the purchase of advertising inventory, we exercise discretion in establishing prices, we have credit risk, and we independently select and purchase inventory from the seller, we have determined that we act as the principal and accordingly we report revenue on a gross basis.
For the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, our revenue was $64.3 million and $32.2 million, respectively, representing a year-over-year increase of 100%, and our managed revenue was $244.4 million and $168.2 million, respectively, representing a year-over-year increase of 45%. For the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, our net loss was $3.0 million and $4.6 million, respectively, and our Adjusted EBITDA was $12.6 million and $4.8 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, our revenue was $154.5 million and $83.5 million, respectively, representing a year-over-year increase of 85%, and our managed revenue was $668.7 million and $451.3 million, respectively, representing a year-over-year increase of 48%. For the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, our net loss was $20.0 million and $20.1 million, respectively, and our Adjusted EBITDA was $23.4 million and $5.8 million, respectively. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure. For information on how we compute Adjusted EBITDA, and a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss on a GAAP basis, please refer to “Certain Operational and Financial Measures.”
Our net loss and Adjusted EBITDA will be impacted by the rate at which our revenue increases, including the impact of acquisitions, seasonality, and the amount and timing of our investments in our operations.
Substantially all of our revenue is in North America, determined based on the location of our legal entity that is a party to the relevant transaction.

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Certain Operational and Financial Measures
We regularly review certain non-GAAP operational and financial performance measures, in addition to our GAAP results, to help us evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, establish budgets, measure the effectiveness of investments in our technology and development and sales and marketing, and assess our operational efficiencies. These non-GAAP measures include managed revenue, take rate, non-GAAP net revenue, and Adjusted EBITDA, which are discussed immediately following the table below. Revenue and other GAAP measures are discussed under the headings “Components of Our Results of Operations” and “Results of Operations.” We report our financial results as one operating segment. Our consolidated operating results, together with the following operating and financial measures, are regularly reviewed by our chief operating decision maker, principally to make decisions about how we allocate our resources and to measure our consolidated operating performance. You are encouraged to evaluate our definitions of these measures and the reasons we consider them appropriate.
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
Operational measures:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Managed revenue (in thousands)
$
244,358

 
$
168,213

 
$
668,730

 
$
451,319

Take rate
23.7
%
 
19.1
%
 
21.5
%
 
18.5
%
Financial measures:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-GAAP net revenue (in thousands)
$
57,867

 
$
32,165

 
$
143,589

 
$
83,463

Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands)
$
12,575

 
$
4,778

 
$
23,434

 
$
5,823

Managed Revenue
Managed revenue is an operational measure that we define as the advertising spending transacted on our platform. Managed revenue does not represent revenue reported on a GAAP basis. We review managed revenue for internal management purposes to assess market share and scale. Tracking our managed revenue allows us to compare our results to the results of companies that report all spending transacted on their platforms as GAAP revenue. Our managed revenue is influenced by demand for our services, the volume and characteristics of paid impressions, and average CPM.
Our managed revenue has increased period over period as a result of increased use of our solutions by buyers and sellers, increases in average CPM, and our buyer cloud initiatives, including the now consolidated and integrated Chango operations. We expect managed revenue to continue to grow with increases in the pricing or volume of transactions on our platform, which can result from increases in the number of buyers or advertising spending, and from improvements in our auction algorithms. This increase may fluctuate due to seasonality and increases or decreases in average CPM and paid impressions. In addition, we generally experience higher managed revenue during the fourth quarter of a given year, resulting from higher advertising spending and more bidding activity, which may drive higher volumes of paid impressions or average CPM.
Our solution enables buyers and sellers to transact through our comprehensive automation offerings. Our managed revenue consisted of 77% in RTB transactions, 16% orders, and 7% static bidding during the three months ended September 30, 2015, and based on a channel perspective, our managed revenue consisted of 74% desktop and 26% mobile during the three months ended September 30, 2015.
Take Rate
Take rate is an operational measure that we define as non-GAAP net revenue divided by managed revenue. We review take rate for internal management purposes to assess the development of our marketplace with buyers and sellers. Our take rate can be affected by a variety of factors, including the terms of our arrangements with buyers and sellers active on our platform in a particular period, the scale of a buyer’s or seller’s activity on our platform, product mix, the implementation of new products, platforms and solution features, auction dynamics, and the overall development of the digital advertising ecosystem.

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Non-GAAP Net Revenue
Non-GAAP net revenue is a financial measure that we define as GAAP revenue less amounts we pay sellers that are included within cost of revenue. Non-GAAP net revenue would represent our revenue if we were to record all of our revenue on a net basis. Non-GAAP net revenue does not represent revenue reported on a GAAP basis. We review non-GAAP net revenue for internal management purposes to assess performance. Non-GAAP net revenue is one useful measure in assessing the performance of our business because it shows the operating results of our business on a consistent basis without the effect of differing revenue reporting (gross vs. net) that we are required to apply under GAAP across different types of transactions. A potential limitation of non-GAAP net revenue is that other companies may define non-GAAP net revenue differently, which may make comparisons difficult. Our non-GAAP net revenue is influenced by demand for our services, the volume and characteristics of paid impressions, average CPM, our take rate, and the amounts we pay sellers.
The following table presents a reconciliation of revenue to non-GAAP net revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014:
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
Nine Months Ended
 
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue
 
$
64,253

 
$
32,165

 
$
154,477

 
$
83,463

Amounts paid to sellers
 
6,386

 
—

 
10,888

 
—

Non-GAAP net revenue
 
$
57,867

 
$
32,165

 
$
143,589

 
$
83,463

Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that we define as net loss adjusted for stock-based compensation expense, depreciation and amortization, amortization of acquired intangible assets, interest income or expense, change in fair value of pre-IPO convertible preferred stock warrant liabilities, and other income or expense, which mainly consists of foreign exchange gains and losses, certain other non-recurring income or expenses such as acquisition and related costs, and provision for income taxes. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to net loss, operating loss, or any other measure of financial performance calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA excludes non-cash and other items that we do not consider indicative of our core operating performance. We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors in evaluating our performance for the following reasons:
•
Adjusted EBITDA is widely used by investors and securities analysts to measure a company’s performance without regard to items such as stock-based compensation expense, depreciation and amortization, amortization of acquired intangible assets, interest income or expense, change in fair value of preferred stock warrant liabilities, foreign exchange gains and losses, certain other non-recurring income or expense items such as acquisition and related costs, and provision for income taxes that can vary substantially from company to company depending upon their financing, capital structures, and the method by which assets were acquired;
•
our management uses Adjusted EBITDA in conjunction with GAAP financial measures for planning purposes, including the preparation of our annual operating budget, as a measure of performance and the effectiveness of our business strategies, and in communications with our board of directors concerning our performance;
•
Adjusted EBITDA may sometimes be considered by the compensation committee of our board of directors in connection with the determination of compensation for our executive officers; and
•
Adjusted EBITDA provides consistency and comparability with our past performance, facilitates period-to-period comparisons of operations, and also facilitates comparisons with other peer companies, many of which use similar non-GAAP financial measures to supplement their GAAP results.
Although Adjusted EBITDA is frequently used by investors and securities analysts in their evaluations of companies, Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results of operations as reported under GAAP. These limitations include:
•
stock-based compensation is a non-cash charge and is and will remain an element of our long-term incentive compensation package, although we exclude it as an expense when evaluating our ongoing operating performance for a particular period;
•
depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, and the assets being depreciated or amortized will often have to be replaced in the future; Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect any cash requirements for these replacements;
•
Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect non-cash charges related to acquisition and related items, such as amortization of acquired intangible assets and changes in the fair value of contingent consideration;

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•
Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, acquisition and related items, such as transaction expenses and expenses associated with earn-out amounts;
•
Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in our working capital needs, capital expenditures, or contractual commitments;
•
Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash requirements for income taxes and the cash impact of other income or expense; and
•
other companies may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.

Our Adjusted EBITDA will be impacted by the rate at which our revenue increases and the timing of our investments in our operations. Please see below for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss, the most comparable GAAP measure, to Adjusted EBITDA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014:

 
Three Months Ended
 
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
(in thousands)
Net loss
$
(3,009
)
 
$
(4,622
)
 
$
(19,983
)
 
$
(20,102
)
Add back (deduct):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization expense, excluding amortization of acquired intangible assets
3,832

 
3,002

 
11,397

 
7,794

Amortization of acquired intangibles
4,789

 
68

 
11,073

 
329

Stock-based compensation expense
8,800

 
7,150

 
22,037

 
16,727

Acquisition and related items
321

 
—

 
2,717

 
—

Interest (income) expense, net
(37
)
 
23

 
(14
)
 
94

Change in fair value of preferred stock warrant liabilities
—

 
—

 
—

 
732

Foreign currency (gain) loss, net
(38
)
 
(826
)
 
(1,381
)
 
104

Provision (benefit) for income taxes
(2,083
)
 
(17
)
 
(2,412
)
 
145

Adjusted EBITDA
$
12,575

 
$
4,778

 
$
23,434

 
$
5,823


Components of Our Results of Operations
Revenue
We generate revenue from buyers and sellers who use our solution for the purchase and sale of advertising inventory. Buyers use our solution to reach their intended audiences by buying advertising inventory that we make available from sellers through our solution or advertising inventory we purchase from third-party exchanges. Our solution enables buyers and sellers to purchase and sell advertising inventory, matches buyers and sellers, and establishes rules and parameters for open and transparent auctions of advertising inventory. We generally recognize revenue upon the completion of a transaction, that is, when an impression has been made available to the consumer viewing a website or application, subject to satisfying all other revenue recognition criteria. We are responsible for the completion of the transaction. We generally bill and collect the full purchase price of impressions from buyers, together with other fees, if applicable. We report revenue on a net basis for arrangements for which pricing is determined through our auction process, we are not the primary obligor, and for which we have determined we do not act as the principal in the purchase and sale of advertising inventory. We report revenues on a gross basis for arrangements on which we act as the principal in the purchase and sale of advertising inventory--namely, arrangements for which we have direct contractual relationships with the buyer where we manage advertising campaigns on behalf of the buyer by acting as the primary obligor in the purchase of advertising inventory, we exercise discretion in establishing prices, we have credit risk, and we independently select and purchase inventory from the seller. In some cases, we generate revenue directly from sellers who maintain the primary relationship with buyers and utilize our solution to transact and optimize their activities. Our accounts receivable are recorded at the amount of gross billings to buyers, net of allowances, for the amounts we are responsible to collect, and our accounts payable are recorded at the net amount payable to sellers. Accordingly, both accounts receivable and accounts payable appear large in relation to revenue reported on a net basis.     

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Our revenue, cash flow from operations, operating results and certain operational and financial performance may vary from quarter to quarter due to the seasonal nature of advertiser spending, as well as other circumstances that affect advertising activity. For example, many advertisers devote a disproportionate amount of their advertising budgets to the fourth quarter of the calendar year to coincide with increased holiday purchasing. Moreover, advertising inventory in the fourth quarter may be more expensive due to increased demand. Historically, the fourth quarter of the year reflects our highest level of revenue, and the first quarter reflects the lowest level of our revenue.

Our revenue recognition policies are discussed in more detail below and in the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements presented within this Form 10-Q.
Expenses
We classify our expenses into the following four categories:
Cost of Revenue. Our cost of revenue consists primarily of amounts we pay sellers for transactions for which we are the principal and report revenues on a gross basis, data center costs, bandwidth costs, depreciation and maintenance expense of hardware supporting our revenue-producing platform, amortization of software costs for the development of our revenue-producing platform, amortization expense associated with acquired developed technologies, personnel costs, and facilities-related costs. Amounts we pay sellers include the cost of advertising impressions we purchase from sellers through third-party exchanges in transactions for which we are the principal. Personnel costs included in cost of revenue include salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, and employee benefit costs, and are primarily attributable to personnel in our network operations group, who support our platform. We capitalize costs associated with software that is developed or obtained for internal use and amortize the costs associated with our revenue-producing platform in cost of revenue over their estimated useful lives. We amortize acquired developed technologies over their estimated useful lives. Many of these expenses are generally fixed and do not increase or decrease in direct proportion to increases or decreases in our revenue.
Sales and Marketing. Our sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including stock-based compensation and the sales bonuses paid to our sales organization, marketing expenses such as brand marketing, travel expenses, trade shows and marketing materials, professional services, and amortization expense associated with customer relationships and backlog from our business acquisitions, and to a lesser extent, facilities-related costs and depreciation and amortization. Our sales organization focuses on marketing our solution to increase the adoption of our solution by existing and new buyers and sellers. We amortize acquired intangibles associated with customer relationships and backlog from our business acquisitions over their estimated useful lives.
Technology and Development. Our technology and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, and professional services associated with the ongoing development and maintenance of our solution, and to a lesser extent, facilities-related costs and depreciation and amortization, including amortization expense associated with acquired intangible assets from our business acquisitions that are related to technology and development functions. These expenses include costs incurred in the development, implementation, and maintenance of internal use software, including platform and related infrastructure. Technology and development costs are expensed as incurred, except to the extent that such costs are associated with internal use software development that qualifies for capitalization, which are then recorded as internal use software development costs, net on our consolidated balance sheet. We amortize internal use software development costs that relate to our revenue-producing activities on our platform to cost of revenue and amortize other internal use software development costs to technology and development costs or general and administrative expenses, depending on the nature of the related project. We amortize acquired intangibles associated with technology and development functions from our business acquisitions over their estimated useful lives.
General and Administrative. Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including stock-based compensation, associated with our executive, finance, legal, human resources, compliance, and other administrative personnel, as well as accounting and legal professional services fees, facilities-related costs and depreciation, and other corporate related expenses. General and administrative expenses also include amortization of internal use software development costs and acquired intangible assets from our business acquisitions over their estimated useful lives that relate to general and administrative functions and changes in fair value associated with the liability-classified contingent consideration related to acquisitions.
Other Expense, Net
Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense is mainly related to our credit facility and capital lease arrangements. Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash equivalents and was insignificant for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014.

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Change in Fair Value of Convertible Preferred Stock Warrant Liability. Prior to our initial public offering, or IPO, the convertible preferred stock warrants were subject to re-measurement to fair value at each balance sheet date, and any change in fair value was recognized as a component of other expense, net. In connection with the closing of our IPO in April 2014, one warrant for 845,867 shares of convertible preferred stock was exercised on a net basis, resulting in the issuance of 286,055 shares of common stock, and the remaining warrant for 25,174 shares of convertible preferred stock was automatically converted into a warrant exercisable for 12,587 shares of common stock. Following the closing of our IPO, we are no longer required to re-measure the converted common stock warrants to fair value and record any changes in the fair value of these liabilities in our statement of operations. The common stock warrant was net exercised in June 2014. As of September 30, 2015, we had no outstanding warrants.
Foreign Currency Exchange (Gain) Loss, Net. Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss, net consists primarily of gains and losses on foreign currency transactions. We have foreign currency exposure related to our accounts receivable and accounts payable that are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, principally the British Pound and Euro.
Provision for Income Taxes
Provision for income taxes consists primarily of federal, state, and foreign income taxes. Due to uncertainty as to the realization of benefits from our domestic deferred tax assets, including net operating loss carryforwards and research and development tax credits, we have a full valuation allowance reserved against such assets. We expect to maintain this full valuation allowance in the near term.

Results of Operations
The following tables set forth our consolidated results of operations and our consolidated results of operations as a percentage of revenue for the periods presented:
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
(in thousands)
Revenue
$
64,253

 
$
32,165

 
$
154,477

 
$
83,463

Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    Costs of revenue (1) (2)
16,556

 
5,144

 
37,126

 
14,456

    Sales and marketing (1) (2)
22,817

 
11,540

 
60,027

 
30,863

    Technology and development (1) (2)
11,822

 
5,766

 
30,626

 
15,041

    General and administrative (1) (2)
18,225

 
15,157

 
50,488

 
42,130

Total expenses
69,420

 
37,607

 
178,267

 
102,490

Loss from operations
(5,167)

 
(5,442)

 
(23,790)

 
(19,027)

    Other (income) expense, net
(75
)
 
(803
)
 
(1,395
)
 
930

Loss before income taxes
(5,092)

 
(4,639)

 
(22,395)

 
(19,957)

    Provision (benefit) for income taxes
(2,083
)
 
(17
)
 
(2,412
)
 
145

Net loss
$
(3,009
)
 
$
(4,622
)
 
$
(19,983
)
 
$
(20,102
)
(1) 
Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:
 
Three Months Ended
 
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
(in thousands)
Costs of revenue
$
65

 
$
39

 
$
177

 
$
127

Sales and marketing
2,197

 
793

 
5,180

 
2,070

Technology and development
1,525

 
530

 
3,431

 
1,257

General and administrative
5,013

 
5,788

 
13,249

 
13,273

Total
$
8,800

 
$
7,150

 
$
22,037

 
$
16,727



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(2) 
Includes depreciation and amortization expense as follows:
 
Three Months Ended
 
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
(in thousands)
Cost of revenue
$
5,270

 
$
2,607

 
$
13,999

 
$
6,833

Sales and marketing
2,286

 
143

 
6,031

 
332

Technology and development
526

 
171

 
1,259

 
561

General and administrative
539

 
149

 
1,181

 
397

Total depreciation and amortization
$
8,621

 
$
3,070

 
$
22,470

 
$
8,123



 
Three Months Ended*

 
Nine Months Ended*
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
Revenue
100
 %
 
100
 %
 
100
 %
 
100
 %
    Cost of revenue
26
 %
 
16
 %
 
24
 %
 
17
 %
    Sales and marketing
36
 %
 
36
 %
 
39
 %
 
37
 %
    Technology and development
18
 %
 
18
 %
 
20
 %
 
18
 %
    General and administrative
28
 %
 
47
 %
 
33
 %
 
50
 %
Total expenses
108
 %
 
117
 %
 
115
 %
 
123
 %
Loss from operations
(8
)%
 
(17
)%
 
(15
)%
 
(23
)%
    Other (income) expense, net
—
 %
 
(2
)%
 
(1
)%
 
1
 %
Loss before income taxes
(8
)%
 
(14
)%
 
(14
)%
 
(24
)%
    Provision (benefit) for income taxes
(3
)%
 
—
 %
 
(2
)%
 
—
 %
Net loss
(5
)%
 
(14
)%
 
(13
)%
 
(24
)%

*    Certain figures may not sum due to rounding.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015 and 2014
Revenue
 
Three Months Ended
 
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
(in thousands)
Revenue
$
64,253

 
$
32,165

 
$
154,477

 
$
83,463

    
Revenue increased $32.1 million, or 100%, for the three months ended September 30, 2015 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2014. The increase in revenue was primarily due to an increase in the amount of advertising spending on our platform during the three months ended September 30, 2015 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2014. The increase in revenue was also attributable to an increase in average CPM during the three months ended September 30, 2015 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2014 due to increased matching efficiency and a shift in mix of managed revenue, or advertising spend on our platform, from lower-priced higher-volume inventory mainly associated with static bidding to higher-priced lower-volume inventory mainly associated with RTB and Orders. The increase in average CPM was partially offset by a decrease in paid impressions resulting from the same shift in mix of advertising spend on our platform from static bidding to RTB and Orders. Paid impressions associated with RTB and Orders increased during the three months ended September 30, 2015 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2014, while paid impressions associated with static bidding decreased. Static bidding now makes up a small portion of our paid impressions, so we expect the influence of shift in mix from static bidding to RTB and orders to moderate in future quarters. Secondarily, the increase was due to the impact of the gross revenue reporting for buyer cloud initiatives, following the acquisition of Chango as discussed earlier, for which the vast majority of the revenue is reported on a gross basis given the nature of the arrangements and our role as the principal in those arrangements. Lastly, the increase was also due to the additional revenue generated by buyer cloud transactions, which included Chango.

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Revenue increased $71.0 million, or 85%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2014 primarily for the same reasons described above.
We expect revenue to continue to grow on an annual basis. Revenue may be impacted by seasonality, changes in the amounts we are able to charge buyers and sellers for our services, and other factors such as changes in the market, our execution of the business, and competition.
Cost of Revenue
 
Three Months Ended
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
(in thousands, except percentages)
Costs of revenue
$
16,556

 
$
5,144

 
$
37,126

 
$
14,456

Percent of revenue
26
%
 
16
%
 
24
%
 
17
%

Cost of revenue increased by $11.4 million, or 222%, for the three months ended September 30, 2015 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2014. This increase was primarily due to the addition to cost of revenue of $6.4 million in amounts we pay sellers for transactions we report on a gross revenue basis because we are the primary obligor, an increase of $2.7 million in depreciation and amortization expense, and an increase in data center, hosting, and bandwidth costs of $1.9 million. The increase in amounts we pay sellers was primarily attributable to buyer cloud initiatives (which includes the consolidated and integrated operations from Chango). The increase in depreciation and amortization was primarily attributable to an increase in amortization of developed technology acquired in our business combinations, depreciation of computer equipment and network hardware, and amortization of capitalized internal use software primarily due to additional personnel and their development of new features and functionality to our solution. The amortization of developed technology acquired in our business combinations was $2.0 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The amortization of capitalized internal use software reflected in cost of revenue was $1.4 million and $1.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The increases in data center, hosting, and bandwidth costs were primarily to support the increase in the use of our platform and international expansion efforts requiring additional data centers, hardware, software, and maintenance expenses.
Cost of revenue increased by $22.7 million, or 157%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2014. This increase was primarily due to the addition to cost of revenue of $10.9 million in amounts we pay sellers for transactions we report on a gross revenue basis because we are the primary obligor, an increase of $7.2 million in depreciation and amortization expense, and an increase in data center, hosting, and bandwidth costs of $3.7 million. The amortization of developed technology acquired in our business combinations was $4.3 million and $0.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The amortization of capitalized internal use software reflected in cost of revenue was $4.2 million and $3.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The increases for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2014 were primarily due to the same reasons described above.
We expect cost of revenue to increase in absolute dollars in future periods as we continue to invest additional capital into our data centers, increase amounts we pay sellers as a result of an increase in transactions we report on a gross revenue basis, hire additional personnel to continue to build and maintain our systems, and invest in our technology. As a percentage of revenue, cost of revenue may fluctuate on a quarterly basis depending on revenue levels, the amounts we pay sellers for transactions in which we are the primary obligor, the timing of investments, and due to increased amortization of acquired technology from business combinations.
Sales and Marketing
 
Three Months Ended
 
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
(in thousands, except percentages)
Sales and marketing
$
22,817

 
$
11,540

 
$
60,027

 
$
30,863

Percent of revenue
36
%
 
36
%
 
39
%
 
37
%


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Sales and marketing expense increased by $11.3 million, or 98%, for the three months ended September 30, 2015 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2014. This increase was primarily due to an increase in personnel costs of $6.8 million, and to a lesser extent, an increase in depreciation and amortization of $2.1 million. The increase in personnel costs was primarily due to an increase in sales and marketing headcount resulting from continued hiring and our recent acquisitions. The increase in depreciation and amortization was mainly related to amortization of customer relationships and backlog acquired in our business combinations.
Sales and marketing expense increased by $29.2 million, or 94%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2014. This increase was primarily due to an increase in personnel costs of $17.8 million, and to a lesser extent, an increase in depreciation and amortization of $5.7 million. These increases were primarily for the same reasons described above.
We expect sales and marketing expenses to increase in absolute dollars in future periods as we continue to invest in our business, including expanding our domestic and international business. Sales and marketing expense as a percentage of revenue may fluctuate from period to period based on revenue levels, the timing of our investments, the seasonality in our industry and business, and increased amortization as a result of customer relationship intangibles acquired in our business combinations.
Technology and Development
 
Three Months Ended
 
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
(in thousands, except percentages)
Technology and development
$
11,822

 
$
5,766

 
$
30,626

 
$
15,041

Percent of revenue
18
%
 
18
%
 
20
%
 
18
%

Technology and development expense increased by $6.1 million, or 105%, for the three months ended September 30, 2015 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2014. This increase was primarily due to an increase in personnel costs of $4.3 million. The increase in personnel costs was primarily due to an increase in headcount as a result of our recent acquisitions and continued hiring of engineers to maintain and support our technology and development efforts.

Technology and development expense increased by $15.6 million, or 104%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2014. This increase was primarily due to an increase in personnel costs of $11.6 million. The increase in personnel costs was primarily for the same reasons described above.
We expect technology and development expense to increase in absolute dollars in future periods as we continue to invest in our engineering and technology teams to support our technology and development efforts; however, the timing and amount of our capitalized development and enhancement projects may affect the amount of development costs expensed in any given period. Technology and development expense as a percentage of revenue may fluctuate from period to period based on revenue levels, the timing of these investments, the timing and the rate of the amortization of capitalized projects, and increased amortization as a result of non-compete intangibles acquired in our business combinations.
General and Administrative
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
(in thousands, except percentages)
General and administrative
$
18,225

 
$
15,157

 
$
50,488

 
$
42,130

Percent of revenue
28
%
 
47
%
 
33
%
 
50
%

General and administrative expense increased by $3.1 million, or 20%, for the three months ended September 30, 2015 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2014. This increase was primarily due to an increase in personnel costs of $1.3 million and professional services costs of $1.1 million. The increase in personnel costs was primarily due to increased headcount.
General and administrative expense increased by $8.4 million, or 20%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2014. This increase was primarily due to an increase in personnel costs of $4.2 million and professional services costs of $2.2 million. These increases were primarily for the same reasons described above.

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We expect general and administrative expense to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to invest in corporate infrastructure to support our growth and our operation as a public company, including professional services fees, insurance premiums and compliance costs. In addition, general and administrative expense is expected to be impacted as a result of changes to the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities associated with our acquisitions.
    
Other (Income) Expense, Net

 
Three Months Ended
 
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
(in thousands)
Interest (income) expense, net
$
(37
)
 
$
23

 
$
(14
)
 
$
94

Change in fair value of convertible preferred stock warrant liabilities
—

 
—

 
—

 
732

Foreign exchange (gain) loss, net
(38
)
 
(826
)
 
(1,381
)
 
104

Total other (income) expense, net
$
(75
)
 
$
(803
)
 
$
(1,395
)
 
$
930

        
Following the closing of our IPO, we were no longer required to re-measure the warrants to fair value and record any changes in the fair value of these liabilities in our statement of operations, and accordingly, we did not record any related expenses subsequent to the closing of our IPO.

Foreign exchange (gain) loss, net is impacted by movements in exchange rates, primarily the British Pound and Euro relative to the U.S. Dollar, and the amount of foreign-currency denominated receivables and payables, which are impacted by our billings to buyers and payments to sellers. The foreign currency gain, net during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 was primarily attributable to the strengthening of the U.S. Dollar in relation to the British Pound and Euro for foreign denominated transactions. The foreign currency loss, net during the nine months ended September 30, 2014 was primarily attributable to the weakening of the U.S. Dollar in relation to the British Pound and Euro for foreign denominated transactions.

Provision and Benefit for Income Taxes     
Our income tax benefit of $2.1 million and zero for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and an income tax benefit of $2.4 million and an income tax provision of $0.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, primarily relate to taxes due in foreign jurisdictions. The tax benefit during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 is the result of net operating losses generated by the Canadian operations acquired as part of the Chango acquisition during the period.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
From our incorporation in April 2007 until our IPO, we financed our operations and capital expenditures primarily through private sales of convertible preferred stock, our use of our credit facilities, and cash generated from operations. Between 2007 and 2010, we raised $52.6 million from the sale of preferred stock. On April 7, 2014, we completed our IPO and received proceeds from the offering of approximately $86.2 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. At September 30, 2015, we had cash and cash equivalents of $79.9 million, of which $9.7 million was held in foreign currency cash accounts, and restricted cash of $0.3 million.
At September 30, 2015, we had no amounts outstanding under our credit facility with Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, and $40.0 million was available for additional borrowings.
At our option, loans under the credit facility may bear interest based on either the LIBOR rate or the prime rate plus, in each case, an applicable margin. The applicable margins under the credit facility are (i) 2.00% or 3.50% per annum in the case of LIBOR rate loans, and (ii) 0.00% or 1.50% per annum in the case of prime rate loans (based on SVB’s net exposure to us after giving effect to unrestricted cash held at SVB and its affiliates plus up to $3.0 million held at other institutions). In addition, an unused revolver fee in the amount of 0.15% per annum of the average unused portion of the credit facility is payable by us to SVB monthly in arrears.     
Our credit facility restricts our ability to, among other things, sell assets, make changes to the nature of our business, engage in mergers or acquisitions, incur, assume or permit to exist additional indebtedness and guarantees, create or permit to exist liens, pay dividends, make distributions on or redeem or repurchase capital stock, make certain other investments, engage in transactions with affiliates, and make payments in respect of subordinated debt, in each case unless approved by SVB.     

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In addition, in the event that the amount available to be drawn is less than 20% of the maximum amount of the credit facility, or if an event of default exists, we are required to satisfy a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio test of 1.10 to 1.00. At September 30, 2015, our fixed charge coverage ratio was 63.6 to 1.0.     
The credit facility also includes customary representations and warranties, affirmative covenants, and events of default, including events of default upon a change of control and material adverse change (as defined in the credit facility). Following an event of default, SVB would be entitled to, among other things, accelerate payment of amounts due under the credit facility and exercise all rights of a secured creditor. We were in compliance with the covenants under the credit facility at September 30, 2015.     
We believe our existing cash and cash flow from operations, together with the undrawn balance under our credit facility with SVB, will be sufficient to meet our working capital requirements for at least the next 12 months. However, our liquidity assumptions may prove to be incorrect, and we could utilize our available financial resources sooner than we currently expect, particularly if we decide to pursue an acquisition or other strategic investment. Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of available funds will depend on many factors, including those set forth in Item 1A: “Risk Factors.”
In the future, we may attempt to raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities or through equity-linked or debt financing arrangements. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or equity-linked securities, the ownership of our existing stockholders will be diluted. If we raise additional financing by the incurrence of indebtedness, we will be subject to increased fixed payment obligations and could also be subject to restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Any future indebtedness we incur may result in terms that could be unfavorable to equity investors.
There can be no assurances that we will be able to raise additional capital, which would adversely affect our ability to achieve our business objectives. In addition, if our operating performance during the next twelve months is below our expectations, our liquidity and ability to operate our business could be adversely affected.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:

 
Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2015
 
September 30, 2014
 
(in thousands)
Cash flows provided by operating activities
$
21,185

 
$
5,252

Cash flows used in investing activities
(49,646
)
 
(15,083
)
Cash flows provided by financing activities
11,328

 
83,865

Effects of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents
(198
)
 
99

Increase in cash and cash equivalents
$
(17,331
)
 
$
74,133


Operating Activities
Our cash flows from operating activities are primarily influenced by increases or decreases in revenues from buyers and related payments to sellers, as well as our investment in personnel and infrastructure to support the anticipated growth of our business. Cash flows from operating activities have been further affected by changes in our working capital, particularly changes in accounts receivable and accounts payable. The timing of cash receipts from buyers and payments to sellers can significantly impact our cash flows from operating activities for any period presented. We typically collect from buyers in advance of payments to sellers; our collection and payment cycle can vary from period to period depending upon various circumstances, including seasonality. As our revenue earned directly from advertisers and agencies increases, the amount of receipts from buyers collected in advance of payments to sellers will decrease.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2015, cash provided by operating activities of $21.2 million resulted from our net loss of $20.0 million, adjusted for non-cash expenses of $42.2 million, and net changes in our working capital of $1.0 million. The net change in operating working capital was primarily related to an increase in accounts receivable of approximately $12.3 million, partially offset by an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses of approximately $11.6 million. The changes in accounts payable, accrued expenses, and accounts receivable was primarily due to the timing of cash receipts from buyers and the timing of payments to sellers.

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For the nine months ended September 30, 2014, cash provided by operating activities of $5.3 million resulted from our net loss of $20.1 million, offset by non-cash expenses of $24.4 million and net changes in our working capital of $1.0 million. The net change in operating working capital was primarily related to an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses of approximately $9.1 million, partially offset by an increase in accounts receivable of approximately $5.3 million, and an increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets of approximately $1.9 million. The increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets was primarily due to the timing of payments to vendors. The changes in accounts payable, accrued expenses, and accounts receivable was primarily due to the timing of cash receipts from buyers and the timing of payments to sellers.
Investing Activities
Our primary investing activities have consisted of investments in available-for-sale securities, acquisitions of businesses, purchases of property and equipment in support of our expanding headcount as a result of our growth, and capital expenditures to develop our internal use software in support of creating and enhancing our technology infrastructure. Purchases of property and equipment may vary from period-to-period due to the timing of the expansion of our operations, the addition of headcount and the development cycles of our internal use software development. As our business grows, we expect our capital expenditures and our investment activity to continue to increase.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, we used $49.6 million of cash in investing activities, consisting primarily of $29.9 million of investments in available-for-sale securities, $8.6 million for the acquisition of Chango, net of cash acquired, $7.8 million in investments in property and equipment, net of amounts reflected in accounts payable and accrued expenses at September 30, 2015, and $6.1 million of investments in our internal use software. These cash outflows were partially offset by maturities and sales of available-for-sale securities of $1.6 million and a decrease in restricted cash of $1.1 million in conjunction with our corporate office building lease.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2014, we used $15.1 million of cash in investing activities, consisting of $8.6 million of investments in property and equipment, net of amounts reflected in accounts payable and accrued expenses at September 30, 2014, and $6.6 million of investments in our internal use software.

Financing Activities
For the nine months ended September 30, 2015, cash provided by financing activities of $11.3 million was primarily due to proceeds of $10.7 million from stock option exercises and proceeds of $0.8 million from issuance of common stock under the employee stock purchase plan.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2014, cash provided by financing activities of $83.9 million was primarily due to the net proceeds received from our IPO of $89.7 million, net of underwriting commissions and discounts, and proceeds of $1.2 million from stock option exercises, offset by the repayment of our Silicon Valley Bank credit facility of $3.8 million and payments of $3.0 million for offering costs related to our IPO.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements     
We do not have any relationships with other entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, that have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. We did not have any other off-balance sheet arrangements at September 30, 2015 other than operating leases and the indemnification agreements described below.
Contractual Obligations and Known Future Cash Requirements
Our principal commitments consist of contingent consideration liabilities associated with our business acquisitions and leases for our various office facilities, including our corporate headquarters in Los Angeles, California, and non-cancelable operating lease agreements with data centers that expire at various times through 2024. In certain cases, the terms of the lease agreements provide for rental payments on a graduated basis. Subsequent to December 31, 2014, we entered into new operating leases. Future non-cancelable minimum commitments as of September 30, 2015 relating to these operating leases totaling $4.1 million are due through March 2020. In addition, during the nine months ended September 30, 2015, we did not exercise the early termination option for the sublease for our headquarters in Los Angeles, California. As of September 30, 2015, future non-cancelable minimum commitments increased by $8.9 million for this sublease. During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, in connection with office leases, the Company entered into irrevocable letters of credit in the amount of $0.4 million.
There were no significant changes to the Company's unrecognized tax benefits in the nine months ended September 30, 2015, and we do not expect to have any significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits through December 31, 2015.

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In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements with sellers, buyers and other third parties pursuant to which we agree to indemnify buyers, sellers, vendors, lessors, business partners, lenders, stockholders, and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses resulting from claims of intellectual property infringement, damages to property or persons, business losses, or other liabilities. Generally, these indemnity and defense obligations relate to our own business operations, obligations, and acts or omissions. However, under some circumstances, we agree to indemnify and defend contract counterparties against losses resulting from their own business operations, obligations, and acts or omissions, or the business operations, obligations, and acts or omissions of third parties. These indemnity provisions generally survive termination or expiration of the agreements in which they appear. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors, executive officers and certain other officers that will require us, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers, or employees. No demands have been made upon us to provide indemnification under such agreements and there are no claims that we are aware of that could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates.
We believe that the assumptions and estimates associated with the evaluation of revenue recognition criteria, including the determination of revenue recognition as net versus gross in our revenue arrangements, internal-use software development costs, including assumptions used in the valuation models to determine the fair value of stock options and stock-based compensation expense, the assumptions used in the valuation of acquired assets and liabilities in business combinations, and income taxes, including the realization of tax assets and estimates of tax liabilities, have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements. Therefore, we consider these to be our critical accounting policies and estimates.
We have updated our revenue recognition policy to include transactions for which we manage campaigns on behalf of buyers and therefore report the related revenue on a gross basis.
We generate revenue from buyers and sellers in transactions in which they use our solution for the purchase and sale of advertising inventory, and also in transactions in which we manage ad campaigns on behalf of buyers. We recognize revenue when four basic criteria are met: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, (iii) the fees are fixed or determinable, and (iv) collectibility is reasonably assured. We maintain separate arrangements with each buyer and seller either in the form of a master agreement, which specifies the terms of the relationship and access to our solution, or by insertion orders which specify price and volume requests and other terms. We recognize revenue upon the completion of a transaction, that is, when an impression has been delivered to the consumer viewing a website or application. We assess whether fees are fixed or determinable based on impressions delivered and the contractual terms of the arrangements. Subsequent to the delivery of an impression, the fees are generally not subject to adjustment or refund. Historically, any refunds and adjustments have not been material. We assess collectibility based on a number of factors, including the creditworthiness of a buyer and seller and payment and transaction history. Our revenue arrangements generally do not include multiple deliverables.
Revenue is reported depending on whether we function as principal or agent. The determination of whether we act as the principal or the agent requires us to evaluate a number of indicators, none of which is presumptive or determinative. For transactions in which we are the principal, revenue is reported on a gross basis for the amount paid by buyers for the purchase of advertising inventory and related services and we record the amounts we pay to sellers as cost of revenue. For transactions in which we are the agent, revenue is reported on a net basis for the amount of fees charged to the buyer (if any), and fees retained from or charged to the seller.
As a result of the acquisition of Chango, we entered into arrangements for which we manage advertising campaigns on behalf of buyers. We are the principal in these arrangements as we: (i) are the primary obligor in the advertising inventory purchase transaction; (ii) establish the purchase prices paid by the buyer; (iii) perform all billing and collection activities including the retention of credit risk; (iv) have latitude in selecting suppliers; (v) negotiate the price we pay to suppliers of inventory; and (vi) make all inventory purchasing decisions. Accordingly, for these arrangements we report revenue on a gross basis.

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For our other arrangements, in which our solution matches buyers and sellers, enables them to purchase and sell advertising inventory, and establishes rules and parameters for advertising inventory transactions, we recognize revenue on a net basis because we: (i) are not the primary obligor for the purchase of advertising inventory but rather provide a platform to facilitate the buying and selling of advertising; (ii) do not have pricing latitude as pricing is generally determined through our auction process and/or our fees are based on a percentage of advertising spend; and (iii) do not directly select suppliers.
We have updated our cash and cash equivalents policy to include marketable securities.
We invest excess cash primarily in money market funds, corporate debt securities, and highly liquid debt instruments of the U.S. government and its agencies. We classify investments held in money market funds as cash equivalents included in cash and cash equivalents as they have weighted-average maturities at the date of purchase of less than 90 days, U.S. government and agency bonds and corporate debt securities with stated maturities of less than one year as short-term investments included in prepaid and other current assets, and U.S. government and agency bonds and corporate debt securities with stated maturities of over a year as long-term investments included in other assets, non-current on our consolidated balance sheets, as we do not expect to redeem or sell these securities within one year from the balance sheet date.
We determine the appropriate classification of investments in marketable securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation at each balance sheet date. We classify and account for our marketable securities as available-for-sale, and as a result carry the securities at fair value and report the unrealized gains and losses as a component of stockholders’ equity. We determine any realized gains or losses on the sale of marketable securities on a specific identification method, and we record such gains and losses as a component of other income, net on our consolidated statements of operations.
For further information on all of our significant accounting policies, see the notes to our consolidated financial statements presented in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 6, 2015.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
For information regarding recent accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 1 of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk
We have operations both within the United States and internationally, and we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks include primarily interest rate, foreign exchange and inflation risks. 
Interest Rate Fluctuation Risk
Our cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and money market funds. Our investments consist of U.S. government and agency bonds and corporate debt securities. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while maximizing income without significantly increasing risk. Because our cash, cash equivalents, and investments have a relatively short maturity, our portfolio’s fair value is relatively insensitive to interest rate changes. Our line of credit is at variable interest rates. We had no amounts outstanding under our credit facility at September 30, 2015. We do not believe that an increase or decrease in interest rates of 100 basis points would have a material effect on our operating results or financial condition. In future periods, we will continue to evaluate our investment policy relative to our overall objectives.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
We have foreign currency risks related to our revenue and expenses denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, principally British Pounds and Euros. The volatility of exchange rates depends on many factors that we cannot forecast with reliable accuracy. We have experienced and will continue to experience fluctuations in our net loss as a result of transaction gains and losses related to translating certain cash balances, trade accounts receivable and payable balances and intercompany balances that are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. The effect of an immediate 10% adverse change in foreign exchange rates on foreign-denominated accounts at September 30, 2015, including intercompany balances, would result in a foreign currency loss of approximately $1.8 million. In the event our non-U.S. Dollar denominated sales and expenses increase, our operating results may be more greatly affected by fluctuations in the exchange rates of the currencies in which we do business. At this time we do not, but we may in the future, enter into derivatives or other financial instruments in an attempt to hedge our foreign currency exchange risk. It is difficult to predict the impact hedging activities would have on our results of operations.
Inflation Risk
We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. If our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we might not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives of ensuring that information we are required to disclose in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures, and is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. There is no assurance that our disclosure controls and procedures will operate effectively under all circumstances. Based upon the evaluation described above, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2015, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended September 30, 2015 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
Management recognizes that a control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud or error, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We and our subsidiaries may from time to time be parties to legal or regulatory proceedings, lawsuits and other claims incident to our business activities and to our status as a public company. Such matters may include, among other things, assertions of contract breach or intellectual property infringement, claims for indemnity arising in the course of our business, regulatory investigations or enforcement proceedings, and claims by persons whose employment has been terminated. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties, and outcomes are not predictable with assurance. Consequently, we are unable to ascertain the ultimate aggregate amount of monetary liability, amounts which may be covered by insurance or recoverable from third parties, or the financial impact with respect to such matters as of September 30, 2015. However, based on our knowledge as of September 30, 2015, we believe that the final resolution of such matters pending at the time of this report, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect upon our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk, including but not limited to the risks described below, each of which may be relevant to decisions regarding an investment in or ownership of our stock. The occurrence of any of these risks could have a significant adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations, growth, or ability to accomplish our strategic objectives, and could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline. You should carefully consider the risks set forth below and the other information contained in this report, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, before investing in our common stock. However, this report cannot anticipate and fully address all possible risks of investing in our common stock, and the risks of investing in our common stock may change over time, new risks may emerge, and different risks may be more prominent at different times. Accordingly, you are advised to consider additional sources of information and exercise your own judgment in addition to the information we provide. We have organized the description of these risks into groupings in an effort to enhance readability, but many of the risks interrelate or could be grouped or ordered in other ways, so no special significance should be attributed to the groupings or order below.

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Risks Relating to Our Business, Growth Prospects and Operating Results
We must grow rapidly to remain a market leader and to accomplish our strategic objectives. If we fail to grow, or fail to manage our growth effectively, the value of our company may decline.
The advertising technology market is dynamic, and our success depends upon the continued adoption of advertising automation and our ability to develop innovative new technologies and solutions for the evolving needs of sellers of advertising, including websites, applications, and other digital media property owners, and buyers of advertising. We also need to grow significantly and expand the scope of our offering in order to develop the market reach and scale necessary to compete effectively with large competitors. This growth depends to a significant degree upon the quality of our strategic vision and planning. The advertising market is evolving rapidly, and if we make strategic errors, there is a significant risk that we will lose our competitive position and be unable to recover and achieve our objectives. Our ability to grow requires access to, and prudent deployment of, capital for hiring, expansion of physical infrastructure to run our solution, acquisition of companies or technologies, and development and integration of supporting technical sales, marketing, finance, administrative, and managerial infrastructure. Further, the rapid growth we are pursuing will itself strain the organization and our ability to continue that growth and to maintain the quality of our operations. If we are not able to innovate and grow successfully, the value of the company may be adversely affected.
In order to meet our growth objectives, we will need to rely upon our ability to innovate, the continued adoption of our solution by buyers and sellers for higher value advertising inventory, the extension of the reach of our solution into evolving digital media, continued growth into new geographic markets, and the implementation of new offerings.
We expect our historical online display advertising business to continue to be an important source of revenue for us, but in order for us to compete effectively and keep pace with industry growth rates, we must also pursue opportunities in other areas of digital advertising, such as mobile and video. Our growth plans depend upon our ability to innovate, attract buyers and sellers to our solution for purposes of buying and selling higher value inventory, and expand the scope of our solution and its use by buyers and sellers utilizing other digital media platforms and advertising units, such as mobile and video. Our growth plans also depend on our ability to further increase our business in new international markets, and effectively drive increasing automation in the advertising industry through implementation of new offerings, such as private marketplaces. In order to innovate successfully, we must hire, train, motivate and retain talented engineers in a competitive recruiting environment, and we must deploy them based on the development priorities we establish in light of our view of the future of our industry. Mobile, video, and other emerging digital platforms require different technology and business expertise than display advertising, and also present other challenges that may be difficult for us to overcome, including inventory quality issues. Many of our competitors in these emerging platforms have a significant head start in terms of technology and buyer or seller relationships. Furthermore, a growing percentage of online and mobile advertising spending is captured by owned and operated sites (such as Facebook and Google), where we are unable to participate. Our business model may not translate well into higher-value advertising due to market resistance or other factors, and we may not be able to innovate quickly or successfully enough to compete effectively on new platforms, or to adapt our solution and infrastructure to international markets. New offerings may not correctly anticipate market demand, may not address demand as effectively as competing offerings, and may not deliver the results we expect.

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Our technology development efforts may be inefficient or ineffective, which may impair our ability to attract buyers and sellers.
Our future success will depend in part upon our ability to enhance our existing solution, to develop and introduce competing new solutions in a timely manner with features and pricing that meet changing client and market requirements, and to persuade buyers and sellers to adopt our new solutions. New elements of our offering must compete with established competitors and may require significant investment in development and marketing to achieve parity, and buyers and sellers may not be ready to adopt new solutions we acquire or develop. We schedule and prioritize these development efforts according to a variety of factors, including our perceptions of market trends, client requirements, and resource availability. We face intense competition in the marketplace and are confronted by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards and consumer needs, and the frequent introduction of new solutions by our competitors that we must adapt and respond to. Our solution is complex and requires a significant investment of time and resources to develop, test, introduce into use, and enhance. These activities can take longer than we expect. We may encounter unanticipated difficulties that require us to re-direct or scale-back our efforts and we may need to modify our plans in response to changes in buyer and seller requirements, market demands, resource availability, regulatory requirements or other factors. If development of our solution becomes significantly more expensive due to changes in regulatory requirements or industry practices, or other factors, we may find ourselves at a disadvantage to larger competitors with more resources to devote to development. These factors place significant demands upon our engineering organization, require complex planning and decision making, and can result in acceleration of some initiatives and delay of others. If we do not manage our development efforts efficiently and effectively, we may fail to produce, or timely produce, solutions that respond appropriately to the needs of buyers and sellers, and competitors may develop offerings that more successfully anticipate market evolution and address market expectations. If our solution is not responsive and competitive, buyers and sellers can be expected to shift their business to competing solutions. Buyers and sellers may also resist adopting our new solutions for various reasons, including reluctance to disrupt existing relationships and business practices or to invest in necessary technological integration or preference for competitors’ offerings or self-developed capabilities.
We must scale our technology infrastructure to support our growth and transaction volumes. If we fail to do so, we may lose buyers, sellers and revenue from transactions.
When a user visits a website or uses an application where our auctions technology is integrated, our technology must process a transaction for that seller and conduct an auction, often among hundreds of buyers and tens of thousands of advertiser brands, within milliseconds. Our technology must scale to process all of the advertising impressions from the collection of all of the visitors of all of the websites and applications offered on our platform combined. Additionally, for each individual advertising impression, our technology must be able to send bid requests to appropriate and available buyers on our platform. It must perform these transactions end-to-end at speeds often faster than the page or application loads for the user. In short, our technology needs to process the combined volume of every website and application and all of the buyers’ bidding technologies, which evolve over time, at speeds that are often faster than their capabilities. The addition of new services, support of evolving advertising formats, handling and use of increasing amounts of data, and overall growth also place increasing demands upon our technology infrastructure. We must be able to continue to increase the capacity of our platform in order to support substantial increases in the number of buyers and sellers, to support an increasing variety of advertising formats and platforms and to maintain a stable service infrastructure and reliable service delivery, all to support the network effect of our solution. If we are unable to effectively increase the scale of our platform to support and manage a substantial increase in the number of transactions, as well as a substantial increase in the amount of data we process, on a cost-effective basis, while also maintaining a high level of performance, the quality of our services could decline and our reputation and business could be seriously harmed. In addition, if we are not able to continue processing these transactions at fast enough speeds or if we are unable to support emerging advertising formats or services preferred by buyers, we may be unable to obtain new buyers or sellers, we may lose existing buyers or sellers or we could lose revenue from failure to process auction transactions in a timely manner, any of which could cause our revenue to decline. We expect to continue to invest in our platform in order to meet increasing demand. Such investment may negatively affect our profitability and results of operations, or cause dilution to our stockholders.

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Our belief that there is significant and growing demand for private marketplaces and automated guaranteed solutions may be inaccurate, and we may not realize a return from our investments in that area.
We believe there is significant and growing demand for private marketplaces and automated guaranteed solutions, and we have made significant investments to meet that demand through internal development efforts and through acquisitions. We believe our technology will be embraced by the market and contribute in a meaningful way to our revenue growth. However, the market for these solutions is new and unproven and may not grow as we expect, or it could have slow adoption rates for various reasons, including reluctance of some sellers to substitute our solution for transactions they have historically handled themselves through direct dealings with buyers. It is our expectation that private marketplaces and automated guaranteed solutions may involve lower fees, which may not be offset by anticipated higher CPMs. Even if the market for these solutions develops as we anticipate, buyers and sellers might not embrace our offerings to the degree we expect due to various factors. For example, we may not be successful in building out these offerings consistent with our vision, or competitive offerings may be offered at lower prices or be perceived as having better features and functionality. Advertising agency buyers may require that their use of our automated guaranteed solution to make inventory purchases take place through workflow applications they own or license from third parties. If those applications are not compatible with our technology, or providers of the applications demand unreasonable terms to integrate, our ability to transact automated guaranteed purchases with those agencies may be limited, which could reduce the revenue we anticipate flowing through this solution. We may also be unable to scale our solution to markets outside of the United States due to local currency or other specific regulatory requirements that we are unable to comply with. Even if the market for these solutions develops as we anticipate, and our buyers and sellers embrace our offerings, the positive effect of our private marketplace and automated guaranteed offerings on our results of operations may be negated by other adverse developments or by similar offerings from our competitors.
Our expectations regarding the value of our acquisition of Chango and the size and growth prospects of the intent marketing business may be incorrect, and we may not realize a return from our investments in that area.
Our acquisition of Chango Inc. represents a significant investment in the intent marketing business. Our investment thesis was based upon various assumptions and expectations, including the size and growth of intent marketing, continued growth in the intent marketing business, acceleration in the development of our buy-side business as a result of the transaction, development of our Orders business and Chango’s retargeting, CPC, and CPA capabilities, synergies between Chango’s brand and agency clients and our clients, integration of Chango’s data and other technologies into our business, and our ability to leverage our platform to take advantage of Chango’s business model, including pricing and products.
The intent marketing business may grow slower than anticipated, and we may not benefit from growth in the market to the degree expected due to stronger offerings by competitors, pricing pressures, or other factors. Until we are able to scale the intent marketing business, it may be vulnerable to loss of, or reduction in spending by, larger buyers. Further, we believe that the margins associated with our buyer cloud will decline over time due to increasing demand for pricing transparency and general competitive pressures. Even if the market develops as anticipated, buyers and sellers may not embrace our combined offerings due to various factors, and Chango’s historical success in its market may be more difficult to translate to our client base and infrastructure than anticipated, making synergies elusive.  Market practices and regulation related to data capture and use are complex and evolving, and development or enforcement of restrictions could diminish Chango’s historic data-driven competitive advantages.  Integration could distract Chango management or cause cultural challenges that might result in slower than expected growth in the combined business, and competitive pressures could have the same effect. We may be unable to retain key Chango employees. In addition, some legacy Chango clients might perceive conflicts with Rubicon Project and shift business to Chango competitors, and some of our legacy clients might perceive conflicts with the integrated business and therefore reduce their business with us. If the intent marketing business does not develop as we anticipate, or we are unable to retain Chango's key employees, the value of our business, and the price of our stock, could be adversely affected.

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We have invested heavily in our mobile technology, which poses additional risks that did not affect our legacy display business. Mobile connected devices or any other devices, their operating systems, Internet browsers or content distribution channels, including those controlled by our competitors, may develop in ways that make it difficult for advertisements to be delivered to their users. Further, we rely upon relationships with third parties to provide our buyers with access to large numbers of mobile inventory sellers that utilize third-party technology to display ads. If our access to mobile inventory is limited by third-party technology or lack of direct relationships with mobile sellers, our ability to grow our business will be impaired.
We have invested heavily in our mobile technology and are relying on mobile to help fuel our continued growth, but the mobile advertising market is growing and changing quickly, and technological, market, or regulatory developments could render our solutions less competitive. Because mobile advertising uses different data capture techniques and methods of recording payable transactions, caters to different buyer budgets, may require us to enter emerging markets in which we have less experience, including China, and involves development challenges imposed by differing technological requirements and standards, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in developing this market. Moreover, buyers’ desire to spend advertising money to reach consumers via the mobile platform may be less or evolve more slowly than expected. Our mobile investment has been focused on real-time bidding of mobile impressions, and that market may not grow as we expect. Our mobile revenue growth is largely dependent on the success of our new Exchange API technology, and there can be no assurance that this technology will work as anticipated, without costly bugs or errors. Our success in the mobile channel depends upon the ability of our technology solution to provide advertising for most mobile connected devices, as well as the major operating systems or Internet browsers that run on them and the thousands of applications that are downloaded onto them. The design of mobile devices and operating systems, applications, or Internet browsers is controlled by third parties with whom we generally do not have any formal relationships. These parties frequently introduce new devices and applications, and from time to time they may introduce new operating systems or Internet browsers or modify existing ones in ways that may significantly affect our business, such as by providing ad-blocking capabilities. Network carriers may also impact the ability to access specified content on mobile devices. In addition, mobile ad-blocking technologies have emerged, as described in more detail below under the heading “If the use of 'third-party cookies' or digital advertising generally is rejected by Internet users, our performance may decline and we may lose buyers and revenue.” If our solution is unable to work on these devices, operating systems, applications, or Internet browsers because of ad blocking by users, technological constraints, or decisions by makers of these devices or developers of these operating systems or Internet browsers to impair our ability to provide advertisements on them or our ability to fulfill advertising inventory from developers whose applications are distributed through their controlled channels, our ability to generate revenue through mobile advertising could be significantly harmed.
Our growth depends upon our ability to attract and retain buyers and sellers and increase business with them. Buyers and sellers are free to direct their spending and inventory to competing sources of inventory and demand, and large competitors with direct mobile user relationships and proprietary first-party user data have invested early and heavily in mobile advertising solutions, have many established relationships with buyers and sellers that may be difficult for us to replicate, and may provide more compelling solutions than we do. Most of the application providers selling inventory through our platform utilize SDKs and other proprietary technology of third parties, such as aggregators, and it is those third parties, not the application providers themselves, that contract with us to provide exchange services to help monetize the inventory. Termination or diminution of our relationships with these third parties could result in rapid and significant reduction of the amount of mobile inventory available through our platform, which in turn would adversely affect our mobile managed revenue and growth prospects.
Market pressure may result in a reduction in spending on our platform or a reduction in the fees or prices we are able to charge on our platform, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and reduce our take rate.
Our proprietary auction algorithms include a buyer fee for use of our technology, and we have typically charged buyers a variable price for real-time bidding impressions without specifying the amount or method of determination of the fee that is included in the price. We also charge fees to sellers for use of our technology, typically as a percentage of the cost of media. As is normal in most industries and companies, the introduction of new offerings requires different pricing rates or structures. Projecting a market’s acceptance of a new price or structure is imperfect and we may price too high or too low, both of which may carry adverse consequences. Although we believe our pricing is competitive, we experience requests from buyers and sellers for discounts, fee concessions or revisions, rebates, and greater levels of pricing transparency and specificity. In addition, we may decide to offer discounts or other pricing concessions in order to attract more inventory or demand.
In addition to the fee-based business we have historically conducted with buyers that purchase through our auction platform, with our acquisition of Chango we commenced an intent marketing offering by which we offer buyers dynamic CPM pricing for inventory acquisition in support of their advertising campaigns. In lieu of charging fees for this service, our model has been to attempt to acquire inventory for buyers at prices that satisfy their campaign objectives while allowing us to retain a margin. This business may be more risky than our fee-based model and vulnerable to margin compression as a result of competitive pressure and growing demands for pricing transparency and fee concessions throughout the advertising technology business.

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If large buyers or sellers, or large numbers of small buyers or sellers, are able to compel us to charge lower fees or provide fee concessions or refunds, or to reveal or reduce our margins in intent marketing transactions, we may not be able to maintain appropriate volumes of inventory supply and demand without agreeing to these concessions. In addition, the fees we charge and margins we earn are likely to change in response to evolution in the market, customer demands, market opportunities, new products, or competitive pressure. If we cannot maintain and grow our revenue and profitability through volume increases that compensate for any price reductions, or if we are forced to make significant fee concessions or refunds, or if buyers reduce spending with us due to fee disputes or pricing issues, our revenue, take rate, the value of our business, and the price of our stock could be adversely affected.
We have a history of losses and may not achieve or sustain profitability in the future.
We incurred net losses of $20.0 million and $20.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and $18.7 million, $9.2 million, and $2.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively. As of September 30, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of $100.7 million. We may not be able to sustain the revenue growth we have experienced in recent periods, and revenue may decrease due to competitive pressures, maturation of our business, or other factors. Our expenses have increased with our revenue growth, primarily due to substantial investments in our business. Our historical revenue growth should not be considered as indicative of our future performance. We expect our expenses to continue to increase substantially in the foreseeable future as we continue to expand our business, including by hiring engineering, sales, marketing and related support employees in existing and new territories, investing in our technology and developing additional digital media platforms, such as mobile and video. Accordingly, we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability in the future. If our revenue growth declines or our expenses exceed expectations, our financial performance will be adversely affected.
Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our business and prospects and may increase the risks associated with an investment in our common stock.
We were incorporated in 2007 and consequently have only a limited operating history upon which our business and future prospects may be evaluated. We may not be able to sustain the rate of growth we have achieved to date, or even maintain our current revenue levels. We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly evolving industries, including challenges related to recruiting; allocating and making effective use of our limited resources; achieving market acceptance of our existing and future solutions; competing against companies with greater financial and technical resources; integrating, motivating, and retaining qualified employees; developing relationships with buyers and sellers; developing new solutions; integrating new technologies or companies we acquire; and establishing and maintaining our corporate infrastructure, including internal controls relating to our financial and information technology systems. We must improve our current operational infrastructure and technology to support significant growth and to respond to the evolution of our market and competitors’ developments. Our business prospects depend in large part on our ability to:
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build and maintain our reputation for innovation and solutions that meet the evolving needs of buyers and sellers;
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distinguish ourselves from the wide variety of solutions available in our industry;
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maintain and expand our relationships with buyers and sellers;
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respond to evolving industry standards and government regulations that impact our business, particularly in the areas of data collection and consumer privacy;
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prevent or otherwise mitigate failures or breaches of security or privacy;
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attract, hire, integrate and retain qualified employees;
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effectively execute upon our international expansion plans;
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evaluate new acquisition targets, and successfully integrate acquired companies’ business and technologies;
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grow our share of online and mobile ad spending and the supply of advertising impressions available to us notwithstanding the growing share of online impressions that is controlled by owned and operated sites (such as Facebook and Google) who may not make their advertising inventory available to us;
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maintain our cloud-based technology solution continuously without interruption 24 hours a day, seven days a week; and
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anticipate and respond to varying product life cycles, regularly enhance our existing advertising solutions, and introduce new advertising solutions on a timely basis, including by developing our capabilities in evolving areas of the business, such as mobile and video.
There is no assurance that we will meet these and other challenges, and failure to meet one or more of these objectives or otherwise adequately address the risks and difficulties that we face will have an adverse effect on our business and may result in revenue loss and inability to sustain profitability or achieve further growth.

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Our operating results may fluctuate significantly depending upon various factors, which could make our future operating results difficult to predict and cause our operating results to fall below analysts’ and investors’ expectations.
Our operating results may be difficult to predict, particularly because we generally do not have long-term contracts with buyers or sellers. We have from time to time experienced significant variations in revenue and operating results from period to period. Our operating results may continue to fluctuate and be difficult to predict due to a number of factors, including:
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seasonality in demand for digital advertising;
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changes in pricing of advertising inventory or pricing for our solutions and our competitors’ offerings, including potential reductions in our pricing and overall “take rate” as a result of competitive pressure, changes in supply, improvements in technology and extension of automation to higher-value inventory, uncertainty regarding rate of adoption, changes in the allocation of demand spend by buyers, changes in revenue mix, auction dynamics, pricing discussions or negotiations with clients and potential clients, and other factors;
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diversification of our revenue mix to include new services, some of which may have lower pricing than our historic lower-value inventory business or may cannibalize existing business;
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the addition or loss of buyers or sellers;
 
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changes in the advertising strategies or budgets or financial condition of advertisers;
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the performance of our technology and the cost, timeliness and results of our technology innovation efforts;
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advertising technology and digital media industry conditions and the overall demand for advertising, or changes and uncertainty in the regulatory environment for us or buyers or sellers, including with respect to privacy regulation;
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the introduction of new technologies or service offerings by our competitors and market acceptance of such technologies or services;
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our level of expenses, including investment required to support our technology development, scale our technology infrastructure and business expansion efforts, including acquisitions, hiring and capital expenditures, or expenses related to litigation;
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the impact of changes in our stock price on valuation of stock-based compensation, warrants or other instruments that are marked to market;
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the effect of our efforts to maintain the quality of transactions on our platform, including the blocking of non-human inventory and traffic, which could cause a reduction in our revenue if there are fewer transactions consummated through our platform even though the overall quality of the transactions may have improved;
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the effectiveness of our financial and information technology infrastructure and controls;
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foreign exchange rate fluctuations; and
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changes in accounting policies and principles and the significant judgments and estimates made by management in the application of these policies and principles.
Because significant portions of our expenses are relatively fixed, variation in our quarterly revenue could cause significant variations in operating results and resulting stock price volatility from quarter to quarter. Our business has evolved significantly since our founding, and we expect the business to continue to evolve rapidly. In the event of pricing pressures and to minimize adverse effects on revenue, we must increase our scale and add more high-value inventory, which requires ongoing investment that can have an adverse effect at the expense of earnings and might ultimately be unsuccessful. Period-to-period comparisons of our historical results of operations are not necessarily meaningful, and historical operating results may not be indicative of future performance. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, or below any guidance we may provide to the market, the price of our common stock could decline substantially.

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Our revenue and operating results are highly dependent on the overall demand for advertising. Factors that affect the amount of advertising spending, such as economic downturns, particularly in the fourth quarter of our fiscal year, can make it difficult to predict our revenue and could adversely affect our business.
Our business depends on the overall demand for advertising and on the economic health of our current and prospective sellers and buyers. If advertisers reduce their overall advertising spending, our revenue and results of operations are directly affected. Economic downturns or instability in political or market conditions generally may cause current or new advertisers to reduce their advertising budgets. Reductions in inventory due to loss of sellers would make our solution less robust and attractive to buyers. Adverse economic conditions and general uncertainty about economic recovery are likely to affect our business prospects. In particular, uncertainty regarding economic conditions in the United States and other countries may cause general business conditions in the United States and elsewhere to deteriorate or become volatile, which could cause buyers to delay, decrease or cancel purchases, exposing us to reduced demand for our solution, and increased credit risk on buyer orders. Many advertisers devote a disproportionate amount of their advertising budgets to the fourth quarter of the calendar year to coincide with increased holiday purchasing, and buyers may spend more in the fourth quarter for budget reasons. As a result, any events that reduce the amount of advertising spending during the fourth quarter, or reduce the amount of inventory available to buyers during that period, could have a disproportionate adverse effect on our revenue and operating results for that fiscal year. Moreover, any changes in the favorable tax treatment of advertising expenses and the deductibility thereof would likely cause a reduction in advertising demand. In addition, concerns over the sovereign debt situation in certain countries in the European Union as well as continued geopolitical turmoil in many parts of the world have and may continue to put pressure on global economic conditions, which could lead to reduced spending on advertising.
Seasonal fluctuations in digital advertising activity, which may historically have been less apparent due to our historical revenue growth, could adversely affect our cash flows and operating results.
Our managed revenue, revenue, cash flow from operations, operating results and other key performance measures may vary from quarter to quarter due to the seasonal nature of advertiser spending. For example, many advertisers devote a disproportionate amount of their advertising budgets to the fourth quarter of the calendar year to coincide with increased holiday purchasing. Moreover, advertising inventory in the fourth quarter may be more expensive due to increased demand for advertising inventory. Seasonal fluctuations historically have been less apparent due to our historical revenue growth, but if our growth rate declines or seasonal spending becomes more pronounced, seasonality could result in material fluctuations of our revenue, cash flow, operating results and other key performance measures from period to period.
Our corporate culture has contributed to our success, and if we cannot successfully maintain our culture as we assimilate new employees, we could lose the innovation, creativity and teamwork fostered by our culture.
We are undergoing rapid growth, including in our employee headcount. As of September 30, 2015, we had 721 employees. A significant portion of our management team joined us in 2013. We expect that significant additional hiring will be necessary to support our strategic plans, including increased hiring in other countries. We have in the past added significant numbers of employees through acquisitions, including as a result of our acquisition of Chango on April 24, 2015, and we may continue to do so. This rapid influx of large numbers of people from different business backgrounds may make it difficult for us to maintain our corporate culture. We believe our culture has contributed significantly to our ability to attract and retain talent, to acquire companies and to innovate and grow successfully. If our culture is negatively affected, our ability to support our growth and innovation may diminish.
Risks Related to the Advertising Technology Industry, Market, and Competition
The digital advertising market is relatively new, dependent on growth in various digital advertising channels, and vulnerable to adverse public perceptions and increased regulatory responses. If this market develops more slowly or differently than we expect, or if issues encountered by other participants or the industry generally are imputed to or affect us, our business, growth prospects and financial condition would be adversely affected.     
The digital advertising market is relatively new and our solution may not achieve or sustain high levels of demand and market acceptance. While display advertising has been used successfully for many years, marketing via new digital advertising channels, such as mobile and social media, and digital video advertising, is not as well established. The future growth of our business could be constrained by the level of acceptance and expansion of emerging digital advertising channels, as well as the continued use and growth of existing channels, such as digital display advertising, in which our capabilities are more established. In addition, as we push for the expansion and adoption of increased automation in the advertising industry, it will be important for the success of any such expansion for personnel at buyers and sellers to adopt our solution in lieu of their traditional methods of order placement. It is difficult to predict adoption rates, demand for our solution, the future growth rate and size of the digital advertising solutions market or the entry of competitive solutions.

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Further, the digital advertising industry is complex, and evolving, and there are relatively few publicly traded companies operating in the business. Consequently, the digital advertising industry may not be as widely followed or understood in the financial markets as more mature industries. Problems experienced by one industry participant (even private companies) or issues affecting a part of the business have the potential to have adverse effects on other participants in the industry or even the entire industry. Emerging understanding of how the digital advertising industry operates has spurred privacy concerns and misgivings about exploitation of consumer information and prompted regulatory responses that limit operational flexibility and impose compliance costs upon industry participants. As a general matter the digital advertising business is relatively new and digital advertising companies and their specific product and service offerings are not well understood. The markets may not fully appreciate our particular place in the industry and our strengths and differentiating factors, which could have an adverse impact on the trading price of our shares.
Any expansion of the market for digital advertising solutions depends on a number of factors, including social and regulatory acceptance, the growth of the digital advertising market, the growth of social, mobile and video as advertising channels, and the actual or perceived technological viability, quality, cost, performance and value associated with emerging digital advertising solutions. If demand for digital display advertising and adoption of automation does not continue to grow, or if digital advertising solutions or advertising automation do not achieve widespread adoption, or there is a reduction in demand for digital advertising caused by weakening economic conditions, decreases in corporate spending, quality, viewability, malware issues or other issues associated with buyers, advertising channels or inventory, negative perceptions of digital advertising, additional regulatory requirements, or other factors, or if we fail to develop or acquire capabilities to meet the evolving business and regulatory requirements and needs of buyers and sellers of multi-channel advertising, our competitive position will be weakened and our revenue and results of operations could be harmed.
We operate in an intensely competitive market that includes companies that have greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we do.
We face intense competition in the marketplace. We are confronted by rapidly changing technology, evolving user needs and the frequent introduction by our competitors of new and enhanced solutions. We compete for advertising spending against competitors, that, in some cases, are also buyers and/or sellers on our platform. We also compete for supply of advertising inventory against a variety of competitors. Some of our existing and potential competitors are better established, benefit from greater name recognition, may have offerings and technology that we do not have or that are more evolved and established than ours, and have significantly more financial, technical, sales, and marketing resources than we do. In addition, some competitors, particularly those with a more diversified revenue base and a broader offering, may have greater flexibility than we do to compete aggressively on the basis of price and other contract terms, or to compete with us by including in their product offerings services that we may not provide. Some competitors are able or willing to agree to contract terms that expose them to risks that might be more appropriately allocated to buyers or sellers of advertising (including inventory risk and the risk of having to pay sellers for unsold advertising impressions), and in order to compete effectively we might need to accommodate risks that could be difficult to manage or insure against. Some buyers that use our solution, and some potential buyers, have their own relationships with sellers and can directly connect advertisers with sellers. Our business may suffer to the extent that buyers and sellers purchase and sell advertising inventory directly from one another or through intermediaries other than us. In addition, as a result of solutions introduced by us or our competitors in the rapidly evolving and fluid advertising market, our marketplace will experience disruptions and changes in business models, which may result in our loss of buyers or sellers. Our innovation efforts may lead us to introduce new solutions that compete with our existing solutions. New or stronger competitors may emerge through acquisitions and industry consolidation or through development of disruptive technologies. Strong and evolving competition could lead to a loss of our market share or compel us to reduce our prices and could make it more difficult to grow our business profitably, particularly if we are not able to continue to establish and sustain competitive differentiation in our rapidly evolving market.

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There has been rapid evolution and consolidation in the advertising technology industry, and we expect these trends to continue. These trends may increase the capabilities and competitive posture of larger companies, particularly those that are already dominant in various ways, and enable new or stronger competitors to emerge. For example, the percentage of digital advertising spending devoted to mobile channels is expected to increase significantly in the near term, and while we are investing to participate in this trend, the mobile advertising market is dominated by a relatively small number of large competitors with direct mobile user relationships and proprietary first-party user data. These competitors have invested early and heavily in mobile advertising solutions, have many established relationships with buyers and sellers that may be difficult for us to replicate, and may provide more compelling solutions than we do. As technology continues to improve and market factors continue to compel investment by others in the business, market saturation may change the competitive landscape in favor of larger competitors with greater scale and broader offerings, including those that can afford to spend more than we can to grow more quickly and strengthen their competitive position through innovation, development and acquisitions. In order to compete effectively, we may need to expand the scope of our operations more quickly than would be feasible through our own internal efforts. However, because some capabilities may reside only in a small number of companies, our ability to accomplish necessary expansion through acquisitions may be limited because available companies may not wish to be acquired or may be acquired by larger competitors with the resources to outbid us, or we may need to pay substantial premiums to acquire those businesses. Our ability to make strategic acquisitions could also be hampered if the value of our stock, which we might seek to use as acquisition currency, is trading at prices below what we believe is our inherent value or is viewed negatively by an acquisition target. Accordingly, the amount of dilution that we incur may be impacted by our stock price.
Many buyers and sellers are large consolidated organizations that may need to acquire other companies in order to grow. Smaller buyers and sellers may need to consolidate in order to compete effectively. There is a finite number of large buyers and sellers in our target markets, and any consolidation of buyers or sellers may give the resulting enterprises greater bargaining power or result in the loss of buyers and sellers that use our platform, and thus reduce our potential base of buyers and sellers, each of which would lead to erosion of our revenue.
Our business depends on our ability to collect and use data to deliver advertisements, and to disclose data relating to the performance of advertisements. Any limitation imposed on our collection, use or disclosure of this data could significantly diminish the value of our solution and cause us to lose sellers, buyers, and revenue.
When advertisements are placed through our solution, we are able to collect non-personal information about the placement of the advertisement and the interaction of the device user with the advertisement, such as whether the user visited a landing page. We are also able to collect information about pricing of advertisements, historical clearing prices, bid responses, what types of advertisements are allowed on a particular website, which websites a buyer prefers, what ad formats are available to be served, advertisement size and location, where a user is located, how many advertisements the user has seen, browser or device information and sellers’ proprietary data about users. As we collect and aggregate this data provided by trillions of advertising impressions, we analyze it in order to facilitate optimization of the pricing, placement and scheduling of advertisements purchased by buyers across the advertising inventory provided by sellers.
Sellers, buyers, or Internet users might decide not to allow us to collect some or all of the data we collect or might limit our use of it. For example, a seller might not agree to provide us with data generated by interactions with the content on its applications, a buyer might not agree to allow us to analyze bid responses, or device users might not consent to share their information about device usage. Any limitation on our ability to collect data about user behavior and interaction with content could make it more difficult for us to deliver effective solutions that meet the needs of sellers and buyers. This, in turn, could hurt our revenue and impair our business.
Although our contracts with sellers generally permit us to aggregate data from advertising placements, sellers in the future may prohibit the collection or use of this data or request that we discontinue using data obtained from their transactions that has already been aggregated with other data. It would be difficult, if not impossible, and costly to comply with these requests. Interruptions, failures or defects in our data collection, mining, analysis and storage systems, as well as privacy concerns and regulatory obligations regarding the collection, use and processing of data, could also limit our ability to aggregate and analyze the data from transactions effected through our solution. Restrictions or limitations on our use of data could reduce the utility and value of our solution, resulting in loss of volume and reduced pricing.

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If the use of “third-party cookies” is restricted or otherwise subject to unfavorable regulation, our performance may decline and we may lose buyers and revenue.
We primarily use “cookies,” or small text files, to gather data to enable our solution to be more effective. Cookies that we place are generally regarded as “third-party cookies” because they are placed on individual browsers when Internet users visit a website owned by a seller, advertiser, or other first party that has given us permission to place cookies. These cookies are placed through an Internet browser on an Internet user’s computer and correspond with a data set that we keep on our servers. Our cookies record non-personally identifiable information, such as when an Internet user views or clicks on an advertisement, where a user is located, how many advertisements the user has seen and browser or device information. We may also receive information from cookies placed by buyers or other parties who give us permission to use their cookies. We use data from cookies to help buyers decide whether to bid on, and how to price, an opportunity to place an advertisement in a certain location, at a given time, in front of a particular Internet user. Without cookie data, transactions occurring through our solution would be executed with less insight into activity that has taken place through an Internet user’s browser, reducing the ability of buyers to make accurate decisions about which inventory to purchase for an advertising campaign. This could make placement of advertising through our solution less valuable, with commensurate reduction in pricing. In addition to cookies, we sometimes place pixels on seller websites to track data regarding users’ visits to such websites. We may use such information internally to optimize our services, and may provide such data, or analysis based on such data, to buyers or sellers as part of our services. If sellers restrict our ability to place such pixels on their websites or limit information that may be shared with buyers, or if the use of such tracking mechanisms is restricted by laws in the future, it may diminish the value of our services.
In addition, in the European Union, or EU, Directive 2009/136/EC, commonly referred to as the “Cookie Directive,” directs EU member states to ensure that storing or accessing information on an Internet user’s computer, such as through a cookie, is allowed only if the Internet user has given his or her consent. Because we lack a direct relationship with Internet users, we rely on our sellers, both practically and contractually, to obtain such consent. Additionally, some member states have adopted and implemented, and may continue to adopt and implement, legislation that negatively impacts the use of cookies and other similar technologies for digital advertising. For example, some member states, such as France and the Netherlands, are requiring sellers to provide increasingly granular data to end users about cookies placed in the course of delivering an advertisement, including cookies placed by us, or by buyers that purchase inventory using our technology. Providing this granular level of data may be difficult, and in some cases where a buyer is non-responsive or recalcitrant, may not be possible at all. Further, such disclosures may conflict with data provisions in our contracts with buyers and sellers designed to protect information they deem to be confidential or proprietary, or may require us to impose additional contractual requirements on buyers or sellers. As a result, these types of disclosure requirements may impair our ability to provide services in certain jurisdictions.
Limitations on the use or effectiveness of cookies, whether imposed by regulation or otherwise, may impact the performance of our solution. We may be required to, or otherwise may determine that it is advisable to, develop or obtain additional applications and technologies to compensate for the lack of cookie data, which may require substantial investment on our part. However, we may not be able to develop or implement additional applications that compensate for the lack of cookie data. Moreover, even if we are able to do so, such additional applications may be subject to further regulation, time consuming to develop, or costly to obtain, and less effective than our current use of cookies.
Prominent sellers have announced plans to replace cookies with alternative mechanisms, and if cookies are discontinued in favor of proprietary tracking mechanisms, our costs to develop alternatives could increase, our ability to optimize advertisements may suffer, and we may be placed at a competitive disadvantage to others that utilize proprietary user tracking mechanisms.
Google and Microsoft have announced intentions to discontinue the use and deployment of cookies, and to develop alternative methods and mechanisms for tracking web users. There are also reports that other prominent web sellers, such as Amazon, Facebook, and Apple, are also developing alternative web tracking technologies to displace the use of cookies. These alternative mechanisms have not been described in technical detail, and have not been announced with any specific stated time line. It is possible that these companies may rely on proprietary algorithms or statistical methods to track web users without the deployment of cookies, or may utilize log-in credentials entered by users into other web properties owned by these companies, such as their digital email services, to track web usage without deploying third-party cookies. Alternatively, such companies may build alternative and potentially proprietary user tracking methods into their widely-used web browsers.

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If cookies are effectively replaced by proprietary alternatives, any continued attempt by us to use cookie-based methods may face negative consumer sentiment and otherwise place us at a competitive disadvantage. If cookies are replaced, in whole or in part, by proprietary alternatives, we would need to develop alternative proprietary tracking methodologies, which would require substantial investment from us, or which may not be commercially feasible given our relatively small size and the fact that development of such technologies may require technical skills that differ from our core engineering competencies. If we find that the development of alternative tracking methodologies is not feasible, we may be effectively obligated to license proprietary tracking mechanisms and data from companies that have developed them, which also compete with us as advertising networks, and we may only be able to obtain such licenses on economically and operationally unfavorable terms. If such proprietary web-tracking standards are owned by companies that compete with us, they may be unwilling to make such technology available to us. Further, if such proprietary web tracking standards are owned by sellers or browser operators that have access to user information by virtue of their popular consumer-oriented websites or browsers and have the technology designed for use in conjunction with the types of user information collected from their websites, we may still be at a competitive disadvantage even if we license their technology.
If cookies are effectively replaced by tracking technologies that are adopted as open industry-wide standards rather than proprietary standards, we may still incur substantial costs to replace cookie-based tracking mechanisms with these new tracking technologies. This may impose substantial re-engineering implementation costs, and may also diminish the quality or value of our services to buyers, if such new web-tracking technologies do not provide us with the quality or timeliness of the tracking data that we currently generate from cookies.
If the use of “third-party cookies” or digital advertising generally is rejected by Internet users, our performance may decline and we may lose buyers and revenue.
Cookies may easily be deleted or blocked by Internet users. All of the most commonly used Internet browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Safari) allow Internet users to modify their browser settings to prevent first party or third-party cookies from being accepted by their browsers. Most browsers also now support temporary privacy modes that allow the user to suspend, with a single click, the placement of new cookies or reading or updates of existing cookies. Internet users can also delete cookies from their computers at any time. Some Internet users also download free or paid “ad blocking” software that prevents third-party cookies from being stored on a user’s computer or mobile device. If more Internet users adopt these ad blocking settings, utilize privacy modes when browsing seller websites, or delete their cookies more frequently than they currently do, our business could be harmed. In addition, the Safari browser blocks third-party cookies by default. Many applications and other devices allow users to avoid receiving advertisements by paying for subscriptions or other downloads. The browser developer Mozilla, which publishes Firefox, has previously announced an intention to block third-party cookies by default in a future iteration of the Firefox browser, and other browsers may do the same. Mobile devices based upon the Android operating system use cookies only in their web browser applications, so that cookies do not track Android users while they are using other applications on the device. As a consequence, fewer of our cookies or sellers’ cookies may be set in browsers or accessible in mobile devices, which would adversely affect our business.
Mobile ad blocking technologies have emerged, not only for privacy reasons, such as a desire to avoid being targeted for ads based upon location or online activity, but also to counteract the adverse effect advertisements can have on mobile users’ experience, including increased load times, data consumption, and screen overcrowding. Estimates of the use of ad-blocking technologies vary by user population, type of media content, geography, and other factors, and the ultimate prevalence and effect of ad-blocking technologies is not certain, but it could have an adverse effect on our business if it reduces the volume or effectiveness (and therefore value) of advertising. In addition, some ad blocking technologies block only ads that are targeted through use of third-party data, while allowing ads based on first-party data (i.e. data owned by the provider of the website or application being viewed). These ad blockers could place us at a disadvantage because we rely on third-party data, while large competitors have troves of first-party data they use to direct advertising. Other technologies allow ads that are deemed “acceptable,” which could be defined in ways that place us or our clients at a disadvantage, particularly if such technologies are controlled or influenced by our competitors. Even if ad blockers do not ultimately have a material impact on our business, investor concerns about ad blockers could cause our stock price to decline.
Increased prevalence of ad blocking has prompted examination of the effect of digital advertising industry practices upon the quality of user experiences, and changes in industry practices may emerge as a result. Such changes could reduce the viability of our existing business model, place us at a competitive disadvantage, or require us to invest significantly in developing new technologies and business practices.

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“Do Not Track” options in web browsers, “Limit Ad Tracking” options on mobile devices, and emerging government disclosure obligations and other potential regulations, could negatively impact our business by limiting our access to the anonymous user data that informs the advertising campaigns transacted through our solution, and as a result may degrade our performance for our buyers or sellers.
Current versions of the most widely used web browsers, such as Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer and Safari, allow users to send “Do Not Track” signals, to indicate that they do not wish to have their web usage tracked. However, there is currently no definition of “tracking” and no standards regarding how to respond to a “Do Not Track” preference that are accepted or standardized in the industry. The World Wide Web Consortium, or W3C, chartered a “Tracking Protection Working Group” in 2011 to convene a multi-stakeholder group of academics, thought leaders, companies, industry groups and consumer advocacy organizations to create a voluntary “Do Not Track” standard for the web. The W3C is continuing to work on a policy specification that will provide guidance as to how websites and buyers should respond to a “Do Not Track” signal. It is unclear exactly what that specification will advise, and to what extent that specification will be accepted by legislators and regulators worldwide.
    Even absent an industry standard, various government authorities have indicated an intent to implement some type of “Do Not Track” standard. For example, the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, has previously stated that it will pursue a legislative solution if the industry does not agree to a standard. Similarly, the European Commission, which proposes legislation to the European Parliament, has suggested that it intends to consider “Do Not Track” legislation in the absence of an industry standard. Some proposed “Do Not Track” standards, including the current draft specifications being considered by the W3C, impose limits or requirements that apply to data gathering and use by third parties like us, but that may not apply to first parties. Laws or regulations could take a similar approach. Any such standard, law, or regulation could place us at a competitive disadvantage to first-party data owners such as large website operators, many of whom own or are developing or acquiring capabilities that compete with our solutions.
Effective January 1, 2014, amendments to the California Online Privacy Protection Act of 2003, California Business and Professional Code § 22575 et seq., require operators of websites or online services to disclose how the operator responds to “Do Not Track” signals regarding the collection of personally identifiable information about an individual consumer’s online activities over time and across third-party Web sites or online services, as well as to disclose whether third parties may collect personally identifiable information about an individual consumer’s online activities over time and across different Web sites or online services. It is possible that other states could adopt legislation similar to California’s. The Do-Not-Track Online Act of 2013 was introduced in the United States Senate in February 2013, and it is possible that the federal government may adopt Do Not Track legislation. We may be subject to disclosure requirements such as California’s, and while we do not collect data that is traditionally considered personally identifiable information in the United States without user consent, we may nonetheless elect to respond by adopting a policy to discontinue profiling or web tracking in response to “Do Not Track” requests, and it is possible that we could in the future be prohibited from using non-personal consumer data by industry standards or state or federal legislation, which may diminish our ability to optimize and target advertisements and the value of our services.
In addition to “Do Not Track” options, certain mobile devices allow users to “Limit Ad Tracking” on their device. Like “Do Not Track,” “Limit Ad Tracking” is a signal that is sent by particular mobile devices, when a user chooses to send such a signal. While there is no clear guidance on how third parties must respond upon receiving such a signal, it is possible that sellers, regulators, or future legislation may dictate a response that would limit our access to data, and consequently negatively impact the effectiveness of our solution and the value of our services.
Legislation and regulation of digital businesses, including privacy and data protection regimes, could create unexpected additional costs, subject us to enforcement actions for compliance failures, or cause us to change our technology solution or business model, which may have an adverse effect on the demand for our solution.
In the course of our business, we collect, store, transmit and use information (including geo-location information) related to computing and communications devices (mobile and stationary), user activity on devices, and advertisements placed through our solution. U.S. and foreign governments and relevant self-regulatory bodies have enacted or are considering legislation and regulation related to digital advertising and we expect to see an increase in legislation and regulation related to digital advertising, the use of geo-location data to inform advertising, the collection and use of anonymous Internet user data and unique device identifiers, such as IP address or mobile unique device identifiers, the tracking of consumer behavior across multiple devices, and other data protection and privacy regulation. Such legislation or regulation could affect the costs of doing business online and may adversely affect the demand for or effectiveness and value of our solution.

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A wide variety of local, state, national and international laws and regulations apply to the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer and other processing of data collected from and about consumers and devices, and the regulatory framework for privacy issues is evolving worldwide. Various government and consumer agencies and public advocacy groups have called for new regulation and changes in industry practices, including some directed at the digital advertising industry in particular. Some of our competitors may have more access to lobbyists or governmental officials and may use such access to effect statutory or regulatory changes in a manner that commercially harms us while favoring their solutions. It is possible that new laws and regulations will be adopted in the United States and internationally, or existing laws and regulations may be interpreted in new ways, that would affect our business, particularly with regard to collection or use of data to target advertisements and communication with consumers through mobile devices or across multiple devices and/or using location and the collection of data from apps and websites that are targeted to children.
The U.S. government, including the FTC and the Department of Commerce, has announced that it is reviewing the need for greater regulation of the collection of consumer information, including regulation aimed at restricting some targeted advertising practices. For example, the U.S. Senate is currently considering enacting the Location Privacy Protection Act, which would place significant restrictions on the collection and use of geo-location data, including for advertising purposes. More recently, the FTC has announced that it plans to issue guidance on the tracking and delivery of targeted advertisements to consumers across multiple devices. The FTC has also adopted revisions to the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act that expand liability for the collection of information (including certain anonymous information such as persistent identifiers) by operators of websites and other online services that are directed to children or that otherwise use (for certain purposes) information collected from or about children. In addition, the European Union has adopted Directive 2002/58/EC, commonly referred to as the EU e-Privacy Directive, and is in the process of proposing reforms to its existing data protection legal framework, which may result in higher potential liabilities for violations of the Directive, as well as a greater compliance burden for us in the course of delivering our solution in Europe. Complying with any new regulatory requirements could force us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner that could reduce our revenue or compromise our ability to effectively pursue our growth strategy.
Further, many governments are restricting the movement of information about individuals beyond their national borders. For example, in 2014 Russia passed a data localization law, Federal Law No. 242-FZ, that requires certain information about Russian citizens to be stored within Russian territory. Such restrictions could, depending upon their scope, limit our ability to utilize technology infrastructure consolidation, redundancy, and load-balancing techniques, resulting in increased infrastructure costs, decreased operational efficiencies and performance, and potentially a greater risk of system failure.
We strive to comply with all applicable laws and regulations relating to privacy and data collection processing, use and disclosure, but these laws and regulations are continually evolving, not always clear, and not always consistent across the jurisdictions in which we do business. We take measures to protect the security of information that we collect, use and disclose in the operation of our business, and to offer certain privacy protections with respect to such information, but such measures may not always be effective. Our failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations or industry standards applicable to personal data or other data relating to consumers, or to protect such data, could result in enforcement action against us, including fines, imprisonment of our officers and public censure, claims for damages by consumers and other affected individuals, damage to our reputation and loss of goodwill. This is particularly true given that the FTC, Attorneys General of various U.S. States and various international regulators (including numerous data protection authorities in the European Union), have specifically cited as enforcement priorities certain practices that relate to digital advertising, such as the use of geo-location for advertising purposes, the delivery of targeted advertising to children, tracking consumer behavior across multiple devices, and the placement of cookies and the EU “Cookie Directive.” Even the perception of concerns relating to our collection, use, disclosure, and retention of data, including our security measures applicable to the data we collect, whether or not valid, may harm our reputation and inhibit adoption of our solution by current and future buyers and sellers. We are aware of ongoing lawsuits filed against, or regulatory investigations into, companies in the digital advertising industry concerning various alleged violations of consumer protection, data protection, and computer crime laws, asserting various privacy-related theories. Any such proceedings brought against us could hurt our reputation, force us to spend significant amounts in defense of these proceedings, distract our management, increase our costs of doing business, adversely affect the demand for our services and ultimately result in the imposition of monetary liability or restrictions on our ability to conduct our business. We may also be contractually liable to indemnify and hold harmless buyers or sellers from the costs or consequences of litigation or regulatory investigations resulting from using our services or from the disclosure of confidential information, which could damage our reputation among our current and potential sellers or buyers, require significant expenditures of capital and other resources and cause us to lose business and revenue.
Further, privacy and other regulatory violations by other participants in the digital advertising ecosystem could lead to increased regulatory and enforcement activities, reductions in the growth of demand for digital advertising, and increased user requirements, all of which could have adverse consequences and impose additional costs for all industry participants, including us.

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The Court of Justice of the European Union recently issued an opinion finding that the EU-U.S. Safe Harbor Framework, under which personal data of EU residents may be transferred to the United States, is invalid and can no longer support data transfers to the United States, which could subject us to increased regulatory scrutiny and might hamper our plans to expand our business in Europe.
The use and transfer of personal data in EU member states is currently governed under Directive 95/46/EC (which is commonly referred to as the Data Protection Directive) as well as legislation adopted in the member states to implement the Data Protection Directive. The transfer of what is deemed to be personal data of EU subjects to countries (like the United States) that are determined to have inadequate privacy protections for such data was previously permitted under, among other methods, a process agreed to by the EU and the United States known as the EU-U.S. Safe Harbor Framework, pursuant to which U.S. businesses committed to treat the personal data of EU residents in accordance with privacy principles promulgated by the Data Protection Directive, and could self-certify their compliance with the Safe Harbor Framework.
We are a Safe Harbor participant, and previously relied upon the Safe Harbor Framework to allow us to conduct certain transfers of personal data of EU Subjects, including both data about our employees and consumer data that is collected and processed through our technology. Recent developments, however, no longer allow us to rely exclusively on the Safe Harbor Framework to support our data transfers. In particular, the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) recently issued an opinion concluding that the Safe Harbor Framework is not sufficient to allow transfers of personal data of EU subjects to the United States. The CJEU additionally concluded that the Safe Harbor Framework does not, as a matter of law, shield transfers within its scope from scrutiny by EU data protection authorities, and that national data protection authorities have the obligation to scrutinize data transfers conducted under the Safe Harbor Framework just as they would scrutinize any other data transfer.
Given the CJEU’s opinion, we can no longer rely on the Safe Harbor Framework to justify the transfer of personal data of EU subjects to the United States. Instead, we must rely on alternative compliance measures, which are complex, which may also be subject to legal challenge, and which, unlike the Safe Harbor Framework, directly subject us to regulatory enforcement by data protection authorities located in the European Union. As a result, by relying on these alternative compliance measures, we risk becoming the subject of regulatory investigations in any of the individual jurisdictions in which we operate. Each such investigation could cost us significant time and resources, and could potentially result in fines, criminal prosecution, or other penalties. Being forced to rely on alternative compliance measures could also affect the market for our technology, as EU customers may choose to do business with EU-based companies or other competitors that do not need to transfer personal data to the United States in order to avoid the above-identified risks and legal issues.
There are currently ongoing discussions to negotiate a second version of the Safe Harbor Framework or otherwise to adopt a General Data Protection Regulation that would supersede the Data Protection Directive. At this time, however, it is not clear that such efforts would mitigate the risks and potential costs associated with the unavailability of the Safe Harbor, since a revised Safe Harbor or General Data Protection Directive could require significant modifications to our operations or could also subject us to increased regulatory scrutiny
Changes to the definition of personal information or personal data, as well as jurisdictional variances regarding what constitutes personal information or personal data, may require us to change our business practices, which may inhibit our ability to conduct our business.
Although we do not collect data that is traditionally considered personal data in the United States, such as names, email addresses, addresses, phone numbers, social security numbers, credit card numbers, or financial or health data in the ordinary course of providing our solution (except to the limited extent personal data is voluntarily submitted by a user or collected by us with the user’s knowledge and consent), we typically do collect and store IP addresses, geo-location information, and device or other persistent identifiers that are or may be considered personal data in some jurisdictions or otherwise may be the subject of legislation or regulation. For example, some jurisdictions in the EU regard IP addresses and unique device identifiers as personal data, and certain regulators, like the California Attorney General’s Office, have advocated for including IP addresses, GPS-level geolocation data, and unique device identifiers as personal data under California law.
Evolving definitions of personal data, within the EU, the United States and elsewhere, especially relating to the classification of IP addresses, machine or device identifiers, geo-location data and other such information, may cause us in the future to change our business practices, diminish the quality of our data and the value of our solution, and hamper our ability to expand our offerings into the EU or other jurisdictions outside of the United States. They might likewise result in additional regulatory, legislative or public scrutiny, including investigations. Our failure to comply with evolving interpretations of applicable laws and regulations, or to adequately protect personal data, could result in enforcement action against us or reputational harm, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Changes in tax laws affecting us and other market participants could have a material adverse effect on our business.
U.S. legislative proposals have been made that, if enacted, would limit or delay the deductibility of advertising costs for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Any such proposals, if enacted, will likely cause advertisers to reduce their advertising spending in order to mitigate or offset any loss resulting from a change in the tax treatment of such costs. Accordingly, any such changes would likely have a negative impact on the advertising industry and us by reducing the aggregate amount of money spent on advertising.
U.S. legislative and budget proposals have also included limits on the ability to defer taxation for U.S. federal income tax purposes of earnings outside the United States until those earnings are repatriated, and immediate taxes on unremitted foreign earnings. Any changes in the taxation of our non-U.S. earnings could increase our tax expense and harm our financial position and results of operations.
We generally do not have privity with Internet users who view advertisements that we place, and we may not be able to disclaim liabilities from such Internet users or consumers.
Advertisements on websites, applications and other digital media properties of sellers purchased through our solution are viewed by Internet users visiting these digital media properties. Sellers often have terms of use in place with their users that disclaim or limit their potential liabilities to such users, or pursuant to which users waive rights to bring class-actions against the sellers. Potential liabilities could include liabilities to Internet users arising as a result of malicious activities, such as the introduction of malware into users’ computers through advertisements served through our platform. Certain of our competing advertisement networks are also prominent sellers, and may be able to include protections in their website terms of use that also limit liability to users for their advertising services. We generally do not have terms of use in place with such users. As a consequence, we generally cannot disclaim or limit potential liabilities to such users through terms of use, which may expose us to greater liabilities than competing advertising networks that are also prominent sellers.
Changes in market standards applicable to our solution could require us to incur substantial additional development costs.
Market forces, competitors’ initiatives, regulatory authorities, industry organizations, seller integration revisions, and security protocols are causing the emergence of demands and standards that are or could be applicable to our solution. For example, in 2013, changes to the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act required us to change our systems to create a mechanism to facilitate compliance by buyers and sellers with restrictions on the collection of personal information on sites directed to children (as identified by sellers). In addition, German law required us to make engineering changes to stop recording IP addresses in that country. In the future, consensus or law on a “Do Not Track” standard could require us to modify our system to prevent buyers from being able to target many Internet users.
We expect compliance with these kinds of standards to become increasingly important to buyers and sellers, and conforming to these standards is expected to consume a substantial and increasing portion of our development resources. If our solution is not consistent with emerging standards, our market position and sales could be impaired. If we make the wrong decisions about compliance with these standards, or are late in conforming, or if despite our efforts our solution fails to conform, our offerings will be at a disadvantage in the market to the offerings of competitors who have complied.
Evolving concepts of viewability involve competitive uncertainty and may cause us to incur additional costs and liability risk.
Viewability of digital advertising inventory is relevant to marketers because it represents a way of assessing the value of particular inventory as a means to reach a target audience. However, there is no consensus definition of viewability. Some approaches focus on whether an advertisement can be seen at all, and others focus on whether an advertisement that can be seen is actually seen, in whole or part, or for how long. Low viewability can be caused by various factors, including technical issues (e.g. device screen size, browser functionality and settings, web site load times), media design (e.g. below-the-fold or sub-page placements), and user behavior (e.g. the decision whether to scroll down a website or click on an advertisement or how long to watch a video). Non-viewability is a separate issue and may result, for example, from stacking ads so the one in the back is obscured, or serving ads into a single pixel space too small to be seen. Sometimes these two concepts of viewability are conflated, which tends to obscure analysis.
Aside from non-viewable inventory, which is generally well understood, various vendors and other industry participants advocate definitions and measurements of low viewability that are consistent with their technology or interests. We cannot predict whether consensus views will emerge, or what they will be. Nevertheless, some themes seem to have emerged:
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Buyers of advertising inventory are increasingly using technology, often provided by third parties, to assess viewability of impressions for use as a bidding or purchasing criterion, or to determine value for purposes of determining pricing.

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Assessment of viewability is imperfect, but technology can be expected to improve as data providers, DSPs, and buyers themselves develop viewability assessment tools and build viewability factors into their algorithms for bidding, purchasing, and pricing decisions.
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Inventory viewability and value correlate. More viewable inventory is more valuable, and viewability of inventory increases in importance with the price paid for that inventory.
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Viewability can be used as an inventory differentiator, by domain or on an impression level, with higher viewability generally associated with higher value and pricing, and lower viewability generally associated with lower value and pricing.
These themes are relevant to our business of facilitating fully informed purchase and sale of advertising, and evolution of viewability standards may represent an opportunity to refine matching of supply and demand. However, incorporating viewability concepts fully into our business as they evolve will require us to incur additional costs to integrate relevant technologies and process additional information through our system. If we do not handle viewability well, we could be competitively disadvantaged.
In addition, inventory that is well differentiated on the basis of viewability will also be differentiated on the basis of value, with less viewable inventory valued lower. In this context, if we are not positioned to transact the higher viewability inventory competitively, our revenue and profitability could be adversely affected.
Buyers could attempt to hold us responsible for impressions that do not satisfy their viewability requirements or expectations, and depending upon how viewability evolves, market practice or emerging regulation may require us to incur compliance costs and assume some responsibility for viewability of advertisements transacted through our solution. Divergent views of how to measure viewability and imperfect measurement technology could lead to disagreement, increasing risk of disputes, demands for refunds, and reputational harm.
Failure to comply with industry self-regulation could harm our brand, reputation and our business.
In addition to compliance with government regulations, we voluntarily participate in trade associations and industry self-regulatory groups that promulgate best practices or codes of conduct addressing privacy and the provision of Internet advertising. For example, we have undertaken to comply with the Network Advertising Initiative’s Code of Conduct and the Digital Advertising Alliance’s Self-Regulatory Principles for Online Behavioral Advertising in the United States, as well as similar self-regulatory principles in other jurisdictions. On our website, we offer Internet users the ability to opt out of receiving interest-based advertisements based on a cookie we place. However, in the past, some of these guidelines have not comported with our business practices, making them difficult for us to implement. If we encounter difficulties in the future, or our opt-out mechanisms fail to work as designed, or if Internet users misunderstand our technology or our commitments with respect to these principles, we may be subject to negative publicity, as well as investigation and litigation by governmental authorities, self-regulatory bodies or other accountability groups, buyers, sellers, or other private parties. Any such action against us could be costly and time consuming, require us to change our business practices, divert management’s attention and our resources, and be damaging to our reputation and our business. In addition, we could be adversely affected by new or altered self-regulatory guidelines that are inconsistent with our practices or in conflict with applicable laws and regulations in the United States and other countries where we do business. As a result of such inconsistencies or conflicts, or other business or legal considerations, we may choose not to comply with some self-regulatory guidelines. If we fail to abide by or are perceived as not operating in accordance with applicable laws and regulations and industry best practices, or any industry guidelines or codes with regard to privacy or the provision of Internet advertising, our reputation may suffer and we could lose relationships with buyers and sellers.
Forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the market in which we compete achieves the forecasted growth, our business may not grow at similar rates, if at all.
We have in the past provided, and may continue to provide, forecasts related to our market, including forecasts relating to the expected growth in the digital advertising market and parts of that market (including display, mobile and digital video advertising), as well as the forecasted trend towards automation of analog and print advertising markets. Growth forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may prove to be inaccurate. Moreover, the anticipation that the advertising industry will continue to shift from analog and print media to digital advertising at the rate forecasted, or the anticipation of the shift in advertising spending from analog to digital, may not come to fruition. Further, we may not succeed in our plans to enter or increase our presence in various markets for various reasons, including possible shortfall or misallocation of resources or superior technology development or marketing by competitors.

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Risks Related to Our Relationships with Buyers and Sellers and Other Strategic Relationships
We depend on owners of digital media properties for advertising inventory to deliver advertising campaigns, and any decline in the supply of advertising inventory from these sellers could hurt our business.
We depend on digital media properties to provide us with advertising inventory within their websites and applications. The sellers that supply their advertising inventory to us typically do so on a non-exclusive basis and are not required to provide any minimum amounts of advertising inventory to us or provide us with a consistent supply of advertising inventory; they are free to, and often do, maintain concurrent relationships with various sources of demand that compete with us, including other marketplaces and platforms, as well as agencies and direct advertisers, and it is easy for sellers quickly to shift their advertising inventory among these concurrent demand sources, or shift inventory to new demand sources, without notice or accountability. Sellers may seek to change the terms at which they offer inventory to us, or allocate their advertising inventory to our competitors who offer advertisements to them on more favorable economic terms or whose offerings are considered more beneficial. Sellers may also sell inventory directly to buyers through other channels. Generally, sellers allocate their available inventory among channels according to various methodologies that often result in ranked prioritization in their ad servers. Competitors ranked higher in priority see available impressions earlier and have more opportunity to acquire more inventory and more high value inventory. It is easy for sellers to change rankings in their ad servers, and we cannot control how sellers rank us, and to the extent that competitors have higher priority than us, our revenue and the quality of inventory available to our buyers can be adversely affected. Supply of advertising inventory is also limited for some sellers, such as special sites or new technologies, and sellers may request higher prices, fixed price arrangements or guarantees that we cannot provide as effectively as our competitors, or that would reduce the profitability of that business. In addition, sellers sometimes place significant restrictions on the sale of their advertising inventory. These restrictions may include strict security requirements, prohibitions on advertisements from specific advertisers or specific industries, or restrictions on the use of specified creative content or format. In addition, sellers or competitors could pressure us to increase the prices for inventory, which may reduce our operating margins, or otherwise block our access to that inventory, without which we would be unable to deliver advertisements using our solution.
If sellers decide not to make advertising inventory available to us, decide to increase the price of inventory, or place significant restrictions on the sale of their advertising inventory, we may not be able to replace this with inventory from other sellers that satisfies our requirements in a timely and cost-effective manner. In addition, significant sellers in the industry may enter into exclusivity arrangements with our competitors, which could limit our access to a meaningful supply of advertising inventory. If any of this happens, the value of our solution to buyers could decrease and our revenue could decline or our cost of acquiring inventory could increase, lowering our operating margins.
Our contracts with buyers and sellers are generally not exclusive and generally do not require minimum volumes or long-term commitments. If buyers or sellers representing a significant portion of the demand or inventory in our marketplace decide to materially reduce the use of our solution, we could experience an immediate and significant decline in our revenue and profitability and harm to our business.
Generally, our buyers and sellers are not obligated to provide us with any minimum volumes of business, have established relationships and may also do business with our competitors as well as with us, and may bypass us and transact directly with each other or through other intermediaries. Most of our business with buyers originates pursuant to “insertion orders” or other arrangements that are limited in scope and can be reduced or canceled by the buyer without penalty. Similarly, sellers make inventory available to us on a discretionary basis. Accordingly, our business is highly vulnerable to changes in the macro environment and development of new or more compelling offerings by our competitors, which could reduce business generally or motivate buyers or sellers to migrate to competitors’ offerings. Further, if our relationships with buyers or sellers become strained due to service failures or other reasons, including possible perceptions that our buyer applications compete with other buyers, it might not be difficult for some of these buyers to reduce or terminate their business with us. Because we do not have long-term contracts, our future revenue may be difficult to predict and there is no assurance that our current buyers and sellers will continue to use our solution or that we will be able to replace lost buyers or sellers with new ones. If a buyer or group of buyers representing a significant portion of the demand in our marketplace, or a seller or group of sellers representing a significant portion of the inventory in our marketplace decides to materially reduce use of our solution, it could cause an immediate and significant decline in our revenue and profitability and harm to our business. Additionally, if we overestimate future usage, we may incur additional expenses in adding infrastructure without a commensurate increase in revenue, which would harm our profitability and other operating results.

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Loss of business associated with large buyers or sellers could have significant negative impact on our results of operations and overall financial condition.
Certain large buyers and sellers have accounted for and will continue to account for a disproportionate share of business transacted through our solution. Further, our contracts with buyers and sellers generally do not provide for any minimum volumes or may be terminated on relatively short notice. Buyer and seller needs and plans can change quickly, and buyers or sellers may reduce volumes or terminate their arrangements with us, quickly and without penalty, for a variety of reasons, including financial issues or other changes in circumstances; development or acquisition by buyers or sellers of their own technologies that reduce their reliance upon us; the fact that we compete directly with some of our buyers; new offerings by or strategic relationships with our competitors; change or removal of personnel with whom we traditionally had relationships; opportunities for buyers and sellers to bypass us and deal directly with each other; change in control (including consolidations through mergers and acquisitions); or declining general economic conditions (including those resulting from dissolutions of companies). Technical issues could also cause a decline in spending.
These factors make it important for us to expand and diversify our client relationships. The number of large media buyers in the market is finite, and it could be difficult for us to replace revenue loss from any buyers whose relationships with us diminish or terminate. Similarly, it could be difficult for us to replace inventory loss from any large sellers whose relationships with us diminish or terminate. Just as growth in our inventory strengthens buyer activity in a network effect, loss of inventory or buyers could have the opposite effect. Loss of revenue from significant buyers or failure to collect accounts receivable, whether as a result of buyer payment default, contract termination or other factors, or significant reductions in inventory, could have a significant negative impact on our results of operation and overall financial condition.
We must provide value to both buyers and sellers of advertising without being perceived as favoring one over the other or being perceived as competing with them through our service offerings.
Buyers and sellers have different interests, with each trying to maximize its value in their transactions through use of data, requests that we adapt our solutions to help them, and other means. We are interposed between buyers and sellers, and to be successful, we must continue to find ways of providing value to both without being perceived as favoring one at the expense of the other. For example, our proprietary auction algorithms, which are designed to optimize auction outcomes, influence the allocation and pricing of impressions and must do so in ways that add value to both buyers and sellers. Because new business models continue to emerge, we must constantly adapt our relationship with buyers and sellers and how we market ourselves to each. Further, consistent with our goal of connecting buyers and sellers, we inevitably grow closer to each, and we must take care that our deeper connections with buyers, on the one hand, or sellers, on the other hand, do not come at the expense of the other’s interests. In addition, as our own capabilities evolve, we may be perceived by clients, particularly buyers, as competing with them. For example, with the growth of our buy-side capabilities, including our intent marketing business, we have taken steps to provide assurances to some of our buyer clients that our own buy-side capabilities will not result in operational disadvantages to them, such as reduced access to our inventory supply. If we fail to balance our clients' interests appropriately, our ability to provide a full suite of services and our growth prospects may be compromised.
We rely on buyers to use our solution to purchase advertising on behalf of advertisers. Such buyers may have or develop high-risk credit profiles or pay slowly, which may result in credit risk to us or require additional working capital to fund our accounts payable. In addition, direct billing arrangements between buyers and sellers may result in increased working capital demands.
Our revenue is generated from advertising spending transacted over our platform using our technology solution. Generally, we invoice and collect from buyers the full purchase price for impressions they have purchased, retain our fees (where applicable), and remit the balance to sellers. However, in some cases, we may be required to pay sellers for impressions delivered even if we are unable to collect from the buyer of those impressions. There can be no assurances that we will not experience bad debt in the future. Any such write-offs for bad debt could have a materially negative effect on our results of operations for the periods in which the write-offs occur. In addition, we attempt to coordinate collections from our buyers so as to fund our payment obligations to our sellers. However, some buyers and sellers are beginning to require direct billing and collection arrangements between themselves, particularly for our Guaranteed Orders solution. If buyers slow their payments to us or our cash collections are significantly diminished as a result of these direct billing arrangements, we may need to use working capital to fund our accounts payable pending collection from the buyers. This may result in additional costs and cause us to forego or defer other more productive uses of that working capital.

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We rely on buyers and sellers to abide by relevant laws, rules, and regulations when using our solution, and have limited ability to prevent misuse.
We contractually require our buyers and sellers to abide by relevant laws, rules and regulations, as well as restrictions by their counterparties, when transacting over our platform. Nonetheless, there are many circumstances in which it is difficult or impossible for us to monitor or evaluate their compliance. For example, we are often unable to determine exactly what information a buyer collects after an ad has been placed, and how the buyer uses any such collected information. Should buyers or sellers fail to abide by relevant laws, rules and regulations, or contract requirements, when transacting over our platform, or after such a transaction is completed, we could potentially face liability for such misuse. Similarly, if such misconduct results in enforcement action by a regulatory body or other governmental authority, we could become involved in a potentially time-consuming and costly investigation or we could be subject to some form of sanction or penalty.
Our sales efforts with buyers and sellers may require significant time and expense and may not yield the results we seek.
Attracting new buyers and sellers and increasing our business with existing buyers and sellers involves substantial time and expense, and we may not be successful in establishing new relationships or in maintaining or advancing our current relationships. We may spend substantial time and effort educating buyers and sellers about our offerings, including providing demonstrations and comparisons against other available solutions. This process can be costly and time-consuming, and is complicated by us having to spend time integrating our solution with software of buyers and sellers. Because our solution may be less familiar in some markets outside the United States, the time and expense involved with attracting, educating and integrating buyers and sellers in international markets may be even greater than in the United States. If we are not successful in targeting, supporting and streamlining our sales processes, our ability to grow our business may be adversely affected. In addition, because of competitive market conditions and negotiating leverage enjoyed by large buyers and sellers, we are sometimes forced to choose between loss of business or contracting on terms that allocate more risk to us than we would prefer to accept.
If we are unable to maintain or expand our sales and marketing capabilities, we may not be able to generate anticipated revenue.
Increasing our base of buyers and sellers and achieving broader market acceptance of our solution will depend to a significant extent on our ability to expand our sales and marketing operations and activities. We are substantially dependent on our sales force to obtain new buyers and sellers and to drive sales to our existing buyers. We currently plan to expand our sales team in order to increase revenue from new and existing buyers and sellers and to further penetrate our existing markets and expand into new advertising channels and additional international markets. Our solution requires a sophisticated sales force with specific sales skills and specialized technical knowledge that takes time to develop. Competition for qualified sales personnel is intense, and we may not be able to retain our existing sales personnel or attract, integrate or retain sufficient highly qualified sales personnel. In particular, it may be difficult to find qualified sales personnel in international markets, or sales personnel with experience in emerging segments of the market. Our ability to achieve revenue growth in the future will depend, in large part, on our success in recruiting, training and retaining sufficient numbers of sales personnel. These new employees require significant training and experience before they achieve full productivity. We estimate that it takes approximately six months before a newly hired domestic sales representative is fully trained and productive in selling our solution, and often longer in the case of non-U.S. sales representatives and sales personnel focused on new geographies or specific market segments. As a result, the cost of hiring and carrying new sales team members cannot be offset by the revenue they produce for a significant period of time. Our recent hires and planned hires may not become productive as quickly as we would like, and we may not be able to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals in the markets where we do business. Our business will be seriously harmed if these expansion efforts do not generate a corresponding significant increase in revenue.
Legal claims resulting from the actions of buyers or sellers could expose us to liabilities, damage our reputation, and be costly to defend.
The buyers and sellers engaging in transactions through our platform impose various requirements upon each other, and they and the underlying advertisers are subject to regulatory requirements by governments and standards bodies applicable to their activities. We assume responsibility for satisfying or facilitating the satisfaction of some of these requirements through the contracts we enter into with buyers and sellers. In addition, we may have responsibility for some acts or omissions of buyers or sellers transacting business through our solution under applicable laws or regulations or as a result of common law duties, even if we have not assumed responsibility contractually. These responsibilities could expose us to significant liabilities, perhaps without the ability to impose effective mitigating controls upon, or to recover from, buyers and sellers. Moreover, for those third parties who are both a buyer and seller on our platform, it is feasible that they could use our platform to buy and sell advertisements in an effort to inflate their own revenue. While we do not believe we would have legal liability in connection with such a scheme, we could still nevertheless be subject to litigation as a result of such actions, and, if we were sued, we would incur legal costs in our defense and cannot guarantee that a court would not attribute some liability to us.

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We generally attempt to obtain representations from buyers that the advertising they place through our solution complies with applicable laws and regulations and does not violate third-party intellectual property rights, and from sellers about the quality and characteristics of the impressions they provide. We also generally receive representations from buyers and sellers about their privacy practices and compliance with applicable laws and regulations, including their maintenance of adequate privacy policies that disclose and permit our data collection practices. However, we are not always able to verify or control their compliance with their obligations under their agreements with us or to consumers or other third parties, and the acts or omissions of sellers, buyers or advertisers may subject us to regulatory action, legal claims and liability that would be difficult and costly to defend and expose us to significant costs and reputational harm. We may not have adequate indemnity to protect us against, and our policies of insurance may not cover, such claims and losses.
Our business relationships expose us to risk of substantial liability for contract breach, violation of laws and regulations, intellectual property infringement and other losses, and our contractual indemnities and limitations of liability may not protect us adequately.
Our agreements with sellers, buyers and other third parties typically obligate us to provide indemnity and defense for losses resulting from claims of intellectual property infringement, damages to property or persons, business losses or other liabilities. Generally, these indemnity and defense obligations relate to our own business operations, obligations and acts or omissions. However, under some circumstances, we agree to indemnify and defend contract counterparties against losses resulting from their own business operations, obligations and acts or omissions, or the business operations, obligations and acts or omissions of third parties. For example, because our business interposes us between buyers and sellers in various ways, buyers often require us to indemnify them against acts and omissions of sellers, and sellers often require us to indemnify them against acts and omissions of buyers. In addition, our agreements with sellers, buyers and other third parties typically include provisions limiting our liability to the counterparty and the counterparty’s liability to us. These limits sometimes do not apply to certain liabilities, including indemnity obligations. These indemnity and limitation of liability provisions generally survive termination or expiration of the agreements in which they appear.
 
We have limited ability to control acts and omissions of buyers and sellers or other third parties that could trigger our indemnity obligations, and our policies of insurance may not cover us for acts and omissions of others. We attempt to obtain indemnity from buyers and sellers (as well as other third parties) to protect us in case we become liable for their acts and omissions, but because we contract with many buyers and sellers and those contracts are individually negotiated with different scopes of indemnity and different limits of liability, it is possible that in any case our obligation to provide indemnity for the acts or omissions of a third party such as a buyer or seller may exceed what we are able to recover from that party. Further, contractual limits on our liability may not apply to our indemnity obligations, contractual limits on our counterparties’ liability may limit what we can recover from them, and contract counterparties may be unable to meet their obligations to indemnify and defend us as a result of insolvency or other factors. Large indemnity obligations, or obligations to third parties not adequately covered by the indemnity obligations of our contract counterparties, could expose us to significant costs.
In addition to the effects on indemnity described above, the limitation of liability provisions in our contracts may, depending upon the circumstances, be too high to protect us from significant liability for our own acts or omissions, or so low as to prevent us from recovering fully for the acts or omissions of our counterparties.
Our solution relies on third-party open source software components. Failure to comply with the terms of the underlying open source software licenses could expose us to liabilities, and the combination of certain open source software with code that we develop could compromise the proprietary nature of our solution.
Our solution utilizes software licensed to us by third-party authors under “open source” licenses. The use of open source software may entail greater risks than the use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. Some open source licenses contain requirements that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon the type of open source software we use. If we combine our proprietary software with open source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain open source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software to the public. This would allow our competitors to create similar solutions with lower development effort and time and ultimately put us at a competitive disadvantage.
Although we monitor our use of open source software in an effort to avoid subjecting our products to conditions we do not intend, the terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on us. Moreover, we cannot guarantee that our processes for controlling our use of open source software will be effective. If we are held to have breached the terms of an open source software license, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties to continue operating using our solution on terms that are not economically feasible, to re-engineer our solution or the supporting computational infrastructure to discontinue use of certain code, or to make generally available, in source code form, portions of our proprietary code.

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Risks Relating to Our Operations
Real or perceived errors or failures in the operation of our solution could damage our reputation and impair our sales.
Our solution processes more than 5 million peak queries per second and over 7 trillion bid requests per month and must operate without interruption to support the needs of sellers and buyers. Because our software is complex, undetected errors and failures may occur, especially when new versions or updates are made to our software or network infrastructure or changes are made to sellers’ or buyers’ software interfacing with our solution. Errors or bugs in our software, faulty algorithms, technical or infrastructure problems, or updates to our systems could lead to an inability to process data to place advertisements or price inventory effectively, cause the inadvertent disclosure of proprietary data, or cause advertisements to display improperly or be placed in proximity to inappropriate content. Despite testing by us, errors or bugs in our software have in the past, and may in the future, not be found until the software is in our live operating environment. For example, changes to our solution have in the past caused errors in the reporting and analytics applications for buyers, resulting in delays in their spending on our platform. Errors or failures in our solution, even if caused by the implementation of changes by buyers or sellers to their systems, could also result in negative publicity, damage to our reputation, loss of or delay in market acceptance of our solution, increased costs or loss of revenue, loss of competitive position, or claims by advertisers for losses sustained by them.
We may make errors in the measurement of transactions conducted through our solution, causing discrepancies with the measurements of buyers and sellers, which can lead to a lack in confidence in us and require us to reduce our fees or provide refunds to buyers and sellers. Alleviating problems resulting from errors in our software could require significant expenditures of capital and other resources and could cause interruptions, delays, or the cessation of our business.
Various risks could interrupt access to our network infrastructure or data, exposing us to significant costs and other liabilities.
Our revenue depends on the technological ability of our solution to deliver and measure advertising impressions, and the operation of our exchange and our ability to place impressions depend on the continuing and uninterrupted performance of our IT systems. Our platform operates on our data processing equipment that is housed in third-party commercial data centers that we do not control. In addition, our systems interact with systems of buyers and sellers and their contractors. All of these facilities and systems are vulnerable to interruption and/or damage from a number of sources, many of which are beyond our control, including, without limitation: (i) power loss, loss of adequate cooling, and telecommunications failures; (ii) fire, flood, earthquake, hurricane, and other natural disasters; (iii) software and hardware errors, failures, or crashes; (iv) financial insolvency; and (v) computer viruses, malware, hacking, terrorism, and similar disruptive problems. In particular, intentional cyber-attacks present a serious issue because of the difficulty associated with prevention and remediation of intentional attacks and sabotage, and because they can be used to defraud our buyers and sellers and their customers and to steal confidential or proprietary data from us or our users. Further, because our Los Angeles headquarters and San Francisco offices and our California and Japan data center sites are in seismically active areas, earthquakes present a particularly serious risk of business disruption. These vulnerabilities may increase with the complexity and scope of our systems and their interactions with buyer and seller systems.
We attempt to mitigate these risks to our business through various means, including redundant infrastructure, disaster recovery plans, separate test systems, and change control and system security measures, but our precautions may not protect against all problems, and our ability to mitigate risks to related third-party systems is limited. In addition, we rely to a significant degree upon security and business continuity measures of our data center operators, which may be ineffective. Our disaster recovery and business continuity plans rely upon third-party providers of related services, and if those vendors fail us, we could be unable to meet the needs of buyers and sellers. Any steps we take to increase the reliability and redundancy of our systems may be expensive and may not be successful in preventing system failures. Inaccessibility of our data would have a significant adverse effect upon the operation of our solution. Any failures with our solution or delays in the execution of transactions through our system may result in the loss of advertising placements on impressions and, as a result, the loss of revenue. Our facilities would be costly to repair or replace, and any such efforts would likely require substantial time.
Buyers may perceive any technical disruption or failure in the performance of advertisements on sellers’ digital media properties to be attributable to us, and our reputation could similarly suffer, or buyers may seek to avoid payment or demand future credits for disruptions or failures, any of which could harm our business and results of operations. If we are unable to operate our exchange and deliver advertising impressions successfully, our ability to attract potential buyers and sellers and retain and expand business with existing buyers and sellers could be harmed and our business, financial condition, and operating results could be adversely affected.
 
Malfunction or failure of our systems, or other systems that interact with our systems, could disrupt our operations and negatively affect our business and results of operations to a level in excess of any applicable business interruption insurance. Interruption in the operation of our solution would result in a loss of revenue and potential liability to buyers and sellers, and any significant instances of system downtime could negatively affect our reputation and ability to sell our solution.


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Any breach of our computer systems or confidential data in our possession could expose us to significant expense and liabilities and harm our reputation.
We must maintain facility and systems security measures to preserve the confidentiality of certain data belonging or related to sellers, buyers, and their clients and users that is transmitted through or stored on our systems or is otherwise in our possession. Additionally, we maintain our own confidential information, and confidential information received from other third parties, in our facilities and systems. We take steps to protect the security, integrity and confidentiality of this data, but there is no guarantee that inadvertent or unauthorized use or disclosure will not occur or that third parties will not gain unauthorized access to this data despite our efforts.

Security breaches, computer malware, and computer hacking attacks may occur on our systems or those of our information technology vendors in the future. Any security breach, whether caused by hacking, the inadvertent transmission of computer viruses or other harmful software code, or otherwise, could result in the unauthorized disclosure, misuse or loss of information, legal claims and litigation, indemnity obligations, regulatory fines and penalties, contractual obligations and liabilities, other liabilities, and significant costs for remediation and re-engineering to prevent future occurrences. Any such security breach could interrupt, disable, or interfere with our computer systems or networks, and could materially interfere with or prevent us from providing services to our sellers, buyers, or their clients. In addition, if our security measures or those of our vendors are breached or unauthorized access to consumer data otherwise occurs, our solution may be perceived as not being secure, and sellers and buyers may reduce or cease the use of our solution.
Despite our security measures, our vendors' security measures, and those of buyers and sellers, we are subject to ongoing threats and, therefore, these security measures may be breached as a result of employee error, failure to implement appropriate processes and procedures, malfeasance, third-party action, including cyber-attacks, cyber-extortion or other intentional misconduct by computer hackers, or otherwise. Additionally, buyers and sellers typically have security measures in place, but we typically do not have means for controlling the adequacy or efficacy of their security measures. Third parties could obtain unauthorized access to our computer systems or networks, or to sellers’ or buyers’ data or our data, including personally identifiable information, intellectual property, and other confidential business information. Third parties may also attempt to fraudulently induce employees into disclosing sensitive information such as user names, passwords or other information in order to gain access to our buyers’ data or our data, including intellectual property and other confidential business information.
Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not identified until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative or mitigation measures. Though it is difficult to determine what harm may directly result from any specific interruption or breach, any failure to maintain performance, reliability, security, and availability of our network infrastructure or otherwise to maintain the confidentiality, security, and integrity of data that we store or otherwise maintain could result in significant distraction to our business, adverse publicity, and damage to our reputation, our relationships with buyers and sellers, and our ability to retain and attract new buyers and sellers.
If any such unauthorized disclosure or access does occur, we may be required to notify buyers and sellers or those persons whose information was improperly used, disclosed or accessed. We may also be subject to claims of breach of contract for such use or disclosure, investigation and penalties by regulatory authorities, and potential claims by persons whose information was improperly used or disclosed. The unauthorized use or disclosure of information in our control may result in the termination of one or more of our commercial relationships or a reduction in the confidence of buyers, sellers, or Internet users and usage of our solution. We may also be subject to litigation and regulatory action alleging the improper use, transmission, or storage of confidential information, which could damage our reputation among our current and potential buyers, sellers, or Internet users, require significant expenditures of capital and other resources, and cause us to lose business and revenue.
Failure to maintain the brand security features of our solution could harm our reputation and expose us to liabilities.
Auction-based advertising is bought and sold through our solution in automated transactions that occur in milliseconds. It is important to sellers that the advertising placed on their media not conflict with existing seller arrangements and be of high quality, consistent with applicable seller standards and compliant with applicable legal and regulatory requirements. It is important to buyers that their advertisements are placed on appropriate media, in proximity with appropriate content, that the impressions for which they are charged are legitimate, and that their advertising campaigns yield their desired results. We use various measures, including proprietary technology, in an effort to store, manage and process rules set by buyers and sellers and to ensure the quality and integrity of the results delivered to sellers and buyers through our solution. If we fail to properly implement or honor rules established by buyers and sellers, or if our measures are not adequate, advertisements may be improperly placed through our platform, which can result in harm to our reputation as well as the need to pay refunds and other potential legal liabilities.

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If we fail to detect or prevent fraud, intrusion of malware through our platform into the systems or devices of our clients and their customers, or other actions that impact the integrity of our solution or advertisement performance, sellers and buyers could lose confidence in our solution and we could face legal claims, which would cause our business to suffer. If we terminate relationships with sellers as a result of our screening efforts, our volume of paid impressions may decline.
We have in the past, and may in the future, be subject to fraudulent and malicious activities undertaken by persons seeking to use our platform for improper purposes, including to divert or artificially inflate the purchases by buyers through our platform, or to disrupt or divert the operation of the systems and devices of our clients and their customers to misappropriate information, generate fraudulent billings, stage hostile attacks, or for other illicit purposes. Examples of such activities include the use of bots or other automated or manual mechanisms to generate fraudulent impressions that are delivered through our platform, which could overstate the performance of advertising impressions. Such activities could also include the introduction of malware through our platform by persons seeking to commandeer, or gain access to information on, consumers’ computers. We use proprietary technology to identify non-human inventory and traffic, as well as malware, and we generally terminate relationships with parties that appear to be engaging in such activities, which may result in fewer paid impressions in the year the relationships are terminated than would have otherwise occurred. Because buyers will frequently re-allocate campaigns to other sellers, and there may be alternative sources of demand to replace any buyer, it is difficult to measure the precise impact on paid impressions and revenue from the loss of these customers. Although we assess the quality and performance of advertising on sellers’ digital media properties, it may be difficult to detect fraudulent or malicious activity because we do not own content and we rely in part on sellers and buyers for controls with respect to such activity. Further, perpetrators of fraudulent impressions and malware change their tactics and may become more sophisticated, requiring us to improve over time our processes for assessing the quality of sellers’ inventory and controlling fraudulent activity. If fraudulent or other malicious activity is perpetrated by others, and we fail to detect or prevent it, we could face legal claims from customers and/or consumers and the affected advertisers may experience or perceive a reduced return on their investment or heightened risk associated with use of our solution, resulting in dissatisfaction with our solution, refusals to pay, refund demands, loss of confidence of buyers or sellers, or withdrawal of future business. We could experience similar consequences if inventory sold through our platform is not viewable by the consumer for technical or other reasons.
Any acquisitions we undertake may disrupt our business, adversely affect operations, and dilute stockholders.
Acquisitions have been an important element of our business strategy. We expect to continue to pursue acquisitions in an effort to increase revenue, expand our market position, add to our service offering and technological capabilities, respond to dynamic market conditions, or for other strategic or financial purposes. However, there is no assurance that we will identify suitable acquisition candidates or complete any acquisitions on favorable terms, or at all. Further, the acquisitions we do complete would involve a number of risks, including the following:
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The identification, acquisition and integration of acquired businesses require substantial attention from management. The diversion of management’s attention and any difficulties encountered in the transition process could hurt our business.
 
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The identification, acquisition and integration of acquired businesses requires significant investment, including to determine which new service offerings we might wish to acquire, harmonize service offerings, expand management capabilities and market presence, and improve or increase development efforts and technology features and functions.
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The anticipated benefits from the acquisition may not be achieved, including as a result of loss of customers or personnel of the target, other difficulties in supporting and transitioning the target’s customers, the inability to realize expected synergies from an acquisition, or negative culture effects arising from the integration of new personnel.
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We may face difficulties in integrating the personnel, technologies, solutions, operations, and existing contracts of the acquired business.
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We may fail to identify all of the problems, liabilities or other shortcomings or challenges of an acquired company, technology, or solution, including issues related to intellectual property, solution quality or architecture, income tax and other regulatory compliance practices, revenue recognition or other accounting practices, or employee or customer issues.
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To pay for future acquisitions, we could issue additional shares of our common stock or pay cash. Issuance of shares would dilute stockholders. Use of cash reserves could diminish our ability to respond to other opportunities or challenges. Borrowing to fund any cash purchase price would result in increased fixed obligations and could also include covenants or other restrictions that would impair our ability to manage our operations.
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Acquisitions expose us to the risk of assumed known and unknown liabilities including contract, tax, and other obligations incurred by the acquired business, for which indemnity obligations, escrow arrangements or insurance may not be available or may not be sufficient to provide coverage.

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New business acquisitions can generate significant intangible assets that result in substantial related amortization charges and possible impairments.
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The operations of acquired businesses, or our adaptation of those operations, may require that we apply revenue recognition or other accounting methodologies, assumptions, and estimates that are different from those we use in our current business, which could complicate our financial statements, expose us to additional accounting and audit costs, and increase the risk of accounting errors.
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Acquired businesses may have insufficient internal controls that we must remediate, and the integration of acquired businesses may require us to modify or enhance our own internal controls, in each case resulting in increased administrative expense and risk that we fail to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 or that our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, resulting in late filing of our periodic reports, loss of investor confidence, regulatory investigations, and litigation.
The purchase price allocation for any acquisition we complete is generally not finalized until one year after the closing of the acquisition, and any final adjustment to the valuation could have a material change on what is reported as the fair value assigned to the assets and liabilities.
The final purchase price allocation for acquisitions that we complete are dependent on, among other things, the finalization of asset and liability valuations. The valuation studies necessary to estimate the fair values of the assets we expect to acquire and liabilities we expect to assume and the related allocation of purchase price for the acquisition generally are not finalized until one year after the closing of the acquisition. We allocate the total estimated purchase price to the assets to be acquired and liabilities to be assumed based on preliminary estimates of their fair values. A final determination of these fair values will reflect our consideration of a final valuation. This final valuation will be based on the actual net tangible and intangible assets that existed on the closing date of the relevant acquisition. Any final adjustment will change the allocations of purchase price, which could affect the fair value assigned to the assets and liabilities and could result in a change to the consolidated financial statements, including a change to goodwill. Such change could be material.
If we fail to attract, motivate, train and retain highly qualified engineering, marketing, sales and management personnel, our ability to execute our business strategy could be impaired.
We rely to a significant degree upon our founder, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Product Architect, Frank Addante; our President, Gregory R. Raifman; and our Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer, Todd Tappin, for their strategic vision, industry knowledge, management execution, and leadership. The loss of any of them would have a significant adverse effect upon our business.
In addition, our success depends significantly upon our ability to recruit, train, motivate, and retain key technology, engineering, sales, and management personnel. We are a technology-driven company and the innovation and delivery of complex solutions at massive scale upon which our success depends are technological and engineering problems. It is imperative that we have highly skilled mathematicians, computer scientists, engineers and engineering management, and appropriately qualified personnel can be difficult to recruit and retain. In addition, as we execute on our international expansion strategy, we will encounter staffing challenges that are unique to a particular country or region, such as recruiting and retaining qualified personnel in foreign countries and difficulty managing such personnel and integrating them into our culture. Skilled and experienced management is critical to our ability to execute against our strategic vision and maintain our performance through the growth and change we anticipate. For certain of our employees, including our CEO, a significant portion of their equity ownership is vested. As a result, it may be more difficult, and require additional equity awards, for us to continue to retain and motivate these team members.
Competition for employees with experience in our industry can be intense, particularly in California, New York and London, where our operations and the operations of other digital media companies are concentrated and where other technology companies compete for management and engineering talent. Other employers may be able to provide better compensation, more diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement. None of our founders, officers, or other key employees has an employment agreement for a specific term, and any of such individuals may terminate his or her employment with us at any time.

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It can be difficult, time-consuming, and expensive to recruit personnel with the combination of skills and attributes required to execute our business strategy, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals in the markets where we do business or plan to do business. New hires require significant training and it may take significant time before they achieve full productivity. As a result, we may incur significant costs to attract and retain employees, including significant expenditures related to salaries and benefits and compensation expenses related to equity awards, and we may lose new employees to our competitors or other companies before we realize the benefit of our investment in recruiting and training. Moreover, new employees may not be or become as productive as we expect, and we may face challenges in adequately or appropriately integrating them into our workforce and culture. In addition, as we move into new geographies, we will need to attract and recruit skilled employees in those areas. We have little experience with recruiting in geographies outside of the United States, and may face additional challenges in attracting, integrating and retaining international employees.
Even if we are successful in hiring qualified new employees, we may be subject to allegations that we have improperly solicited such employees while they remained employed by our competitors, that such employees have improperly solicited other colleagues of theirs employed by the same competitors, or that such employees have divulged proprietary or other confidential information to us in violation of their agreements with such competitors.
Our proprietary rights may be difficult to enforce, which could enable others to copy or use aspects of our solution without compensating us, thereby eroding our competitive advantages and harming our business.
Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect proprietary methods and technologies that we develop or otherwise acquire, so that we can prevent others from using our inventions and proprietary information. If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights adequately, our competitors might gain access to our technology, and our business might be adversely affected. We rely on trademark, copyright, trade secret laws, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our proprietary methods and technologies. Our patent strategy is still in its early stages and, while we have five issued patents, nine pending U.S. patent applications and two pending patent application in Canada, valid patents may not be issued from our pending applications. Further, the claims of our issued patents or the claims eventually allowed on any pending applications may not be sufficiently broad to protect our technology or offerings and services. Any issued patents may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and any rights granted under these patents may not actually provide adequate defensive protection or competitive advantages to us. Additionally, the process of obtaining patent protection is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. Additional uncertainty may result from changes to intellectual property legislation enacted in the United States, including the recent America Invents Act, and other countries, and from interpretations of the intellectual property laws of the United States and other countries by applicable courts and agencies. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to obtain adequate patent protection, or to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property.
Unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our technology or obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary. We generally enter into confidentiality and/or license agreements with our employees, consultants, vendors, and buyers, and generally limit access to and distribution of our proprietary information. However, steps taken by us may not prevent misappropriation of our technology and proprietary information or infringement of our intellectual property rights. Policing unauthorized use of our technology and intellectual property is difficult. Effective trade secret, copyright, trademark, domain name and patent protection are expensive to develop and maintain, both in terms of obtaining and maintaining such rights and the costs of defending our rights. We may be required to protect our intellectual property in an increasing number of jurisdictions, a process that is expensive and may not be successful or which we may not pursue in every location. We may, over time, increase our investment in protecting our intellectual property through additional patent filings, which could be expensive and time-consuming and which may not result in issued patents. Our competitors and others could attempt to capitalize on our brand recognition by using domain names or business names similar to ours, and we may be unable to prevent third parties from acquiring or using domain names and other trademarks that infringe on, are similar to, or otherwise decrease the value of our brands, trademarks or service marks. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those of the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of our proprietary rights in such countries may be inadequate. Also, despite the steps we have taken to protect our proprietary rights, it may be possible for unauthorized third parties to copy or reverse engineer aspects of our technology or otherwise obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary, or to develop technologies similar or superior to our technology or design around our proprietary rights.
From time to time, legal action by us may be necessary or appropriate to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others, or to defend against claims of infringement. Regardless of the ultimate success of the litigation, such litigation could result in substantial costs and the diversion of limited resources and could negatively affect our business, operating results and financial condition, and might not be successful. If we are unable to protect our proprietary rights (including aspects of our technology solution) we may find ourselves at a competitive disadvantage to others who have not incurred the same level of expense, time and effort to create and protect their technology and intellectual property.

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We may be subject to intellectual property rights claims by third parties, which are costly to defend, could require us to pay significant damages and could limit our ability to use certain technologies and intellectual property.
The digital advertising industry is characterized by the existence of large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other intellectual property and proprietary rights. Companies in this industry are often required to defend against litigation claims that are based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. Our technologies may not be able to withstand any third-party claims or rights against their use.
Third parties may assert claims of infringement or misappropriation of intellectual property rights in proprietary technology against us or third parties for which we may be liable or have an indemnification obligation. We cannot be certain that we are not infringing or violating any third-party intellectual property rights. From time to time, we or buyers and sellers may be subject to legal proceedings relating to our solution or underlying technology and the intellectual property rights of others, particularly as we expand the complexity and scope of our business. As a result of disclosure of information in filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition are visible, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties.
Regardless of whether claims that we are infringing patents or infringing or misappropriating other intellectual property rights have any merit, these claims are time-consuming and costly to evaluate and defend, and can impose a significant burden on management and employees. The outcome of any claim is inherently uncertain, and we may receive unfavorable interim or preliminary rulings in the course of litigation. There can be no assurances that favorable final outcomes will be obtained in all cases. We may decide to settle lawsuits and disputes on terms that are unfavorable to us. Some of our competitors have substantially greater resources than we do and are able to sustain the costs of complex intellectual property litigation to a greater degree and for longer periods of time than we could.
Although third parties may offer a license to their technology or intellectual property, the terms of any offered license may not be acceptable and the failure to obtain a license or the costs associated with any license could cause our business, results of operations or financial condition to be materially and adversely affected. In addition, some licenses may be non-exclusive, and therefore our competitors may have access to the same technology or intellectual property licensed to us. Alternatively, we may be required to develop non-infringing technology or to make other changes, such as to our branding, which could require significant effort and expense and ultimately may not be successful. Furthermore, a successful claimant could secure a judgment or we may agree to a settlement that prevents us from distributing certain products or performing certain services or that requires us to pay substantial damages, including treble damages if we are found to have willfully infringed such claimant’s patents or copyrights, royalties, or other fees. Claims of intellectual property infringement or misappropriation also could result in injunctive relief against us, or otherwise result in delays or stoppages in providing all or certain aspects of our solution. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our relationships with current or future buyers and sellers.
We are subject to government regulations concerning our employees, including wage-hour laws and taxes.
We are subject to applicable rules and regulations relating to our relationship with our employees, including health benefits, unemployment and similar taxes, overtime and working conditions, immigration status and classification of employee benefits for tax purposes. Legislated increases in additional labor cost components, such as employee benefit costs, workers’ compensation insurance rates, compliance costs and fines, as well as the cost of litigation in connection with these regulations, would increase our labor costs. For example, the Obama administration has recently proposed changes to the salary thresholds for overtime eligibility. If enacted, the changes could result in substantial additional labor costs. Moreover, we are subject to various laws and regulations in federal, state, and foreign jurisdictions that impose varying rules and obligations on us with respect to the classification of employee benefits for income tax and other purposes and that require us to report and/or withhold in respect of such items. In addition, many employers nationally have been subject to actions brought by governmental agencies and private individuals under wage-hour laws on a variety of claims, such as improper classification of workers as exempt from overtime pay requirements and failure to pay overtime wages properly, and failure to provide meal and rest breaks or pay for missed breaks, with such actions sometimes brought as class actions, and these actions can result in material liabilities and expenses. Federal and state standards for classifying employees under wage-hour laws differ and are often unclear or require application of judgment, and classification may need to be changed as employment duties evolve over time. We may misclassify employees and be subject to liability as a result. Should we be subject to employment litigation, such as actions involving wage-hour, overtime, break and working time, it may distract our management from business matters and result in increased labor costs.

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Risks Related to Our International Business Strategy
Our international operations and expansion plans require increased expenditures and impose additional risks and compliance imperatives, and failure to execute successfully our international plans will adversely affect our growth and operating results.
We have numerous operations outside of North America, in Northern and Southern Europe, Australia, Japan, Singapore, and Brazil. Our expansion plans are also focused on the rest of Asia and other Latin American countries, and other countries in Europe, but many of these operations are nascent. We view further international expansion as imperative, and we expect our international operations to contribute significantly to our future growth, particularly through the mobile business, which could provide access to vast user populations in China and the developing world. However, our experience operating outside the United States is still limited, and our international employees currently represent a modest portion of our headcount. Achievement of our international objectives will require a significant amount of attention from our management, finance, legal, analytics, operations, sales and engineering teams, as well as significant investment in developing the technology infrastructure necessary to deliver our solution and establishing sales, delivery, support, and administrative capabilities in the countries where we operate. Attracting new buyers and sellers outside the United States may require more time and expense than in the United States, in part due to the need to educate such buyers and sellers about our solution, and we may not be successful in establishing and maintaining these relationships. In addition, our international operations will require us to develop and administer our internal controls and legal and compliance practices in countries with different cultural norms, legal requirements and business practices than the United States.
International operations also impose risks and challenges in addition to those faced in the United States, including management of a distributed workforce; the need to adapt our offering to satisfy local requirements and standards (including differing privacy policies that are sometimes more stringent); laws and business practices that may favor local competitors; legal requirements or business expectations that agreements be drafted and negotiated in the local language; the need to enable transactions in local currencies; longer accounts receivable payment cycles and other collection difficulties; the effect of global and regional recessions and economic and political instability; potentially adverse tax consequences in the United States and abroad; staffing challenges, including difficulty in recruiting and retaining qualified personnel as well as managing such a diversity in personnel; reduced or ineffective protection of our intellectual property rights in some countries; and costs and restrictions affecting the repatriation of funds to the United States.
One or more of these requirements and risks may make our international operations more difficult and expensive or less successful than we expect, and may preclude us from operating in some markets. There is no assurance that our international expansion efforts will be successful, and we may not generate sufficient revenue or margins from our international business to cover our expenses or contribute to our growth.
Operating in multiple countries requires us to comply with different legal and regulatory requirements.
Our international operations subject us to laws and regulations of multiple jurisdictions, as well as U.S. laws governing international operations. These various laws and regulations are often evolving and sometimes conflict. For example, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, and comparable foreign laws and regulations (including the U.K. Bribery Act) prohibit improper payments or offers of payments to foreign governments and their officials and political parties by U.S. and other business entities for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Other laws and regulations prohibit bribery of private parties and other forms of corruption. As we expand our international operations, there is some risk of unauthorized payment or offers of payment or other inappropriate conduct by one of our employees, consultants, agents, or other contractors, including by persons engaged or employed by a business we acquire, which could constitute or give rise to a violation by us of various laws, including the FCPA, even though such parties are not always subject to our control. Safeguards we implement to discourage these practices may prove to be ineffective and violations of the FCPA and other laws may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, or other liabilities or proceedings against us, including class action lawsuits and enforcement actions from the SEC, Department of Justice, and international regulators. Other laws applicable to our international business include local employment, tax, privacy, data security, and intellectual property protection laws and regulations, including restrictions on movement of information about individuals beyond national borders. In some cases, buyers and sellers operating in non-U.S. markets may impose additional requirements on our non-U.S. business in efforts to comply with their interpretation of their own or our legal obligations. These requirements may differ significantly from the requirements applicable to our business in the United States and may require engineering, infrastructure and other costly resources to accommodate, and may result in decreased operational efficiencies and performance. As these laws continue to evolve and we expand to more jurisdictions or acquire new businesses, compliance will become more complex and expensive, and the risk of non-compliance will increase.

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Compliance with complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations increases our cost of doing business abroad, and violation of these laws or regulations may interfere with our ability to offer our solution competitively in one or more countries, expose us or our employees to fines and penalties, and result in the limitation or prohibition of our conduct of business. As we continue to grow, we will need to expand into new geographies and learn the regulatory and business laws and customs of each new geography. For example, we have added a data center in Hong Kong, which is our first business presence in China, and we expect our growing mobile business to rely extensively on China. Intellectual property and other proprietary information may not be protected in China to the same extent as in the United States and Europe, and the Chinese government could exercise significant influence or control over our business operations. The Chinese government has recently announced plans to require certain foreign companies operating in China to submit their software and other technology to intrusive security testing, include indigenous Chinese intellectual property and encryption technology in their software, disclose source code and other proprietary information to the Chinese government, and engineer their products to restrict the flow of data outside of China.  It is not clear whether such requirements would apply to us, but our operations could attract Chinese government scrutiny as a result of our significant consumer reach and large database. Also, any censorship of websites and content served on computers in mainland China could result in latency with respect to our services in mainland China if our servers are located in Hong Kong or otherwise outside of mainland China, which could significantly impair our ability to process the auction impressions on a timely basis or our ability generally to facilitate the serving of advertisements in China. These factors could result in increased operational expense, and if we are not able to comply with these new regulatory requirements, our business, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.
We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could subject us to liability or impair our ability to compete in international markets.
Our operations are subject to U.S. export controls, specifically the Export Administration Regulations, or EAR, and economic sanctions enforced by the Office of Foreign Assets Control. These regulations provide that encryption technology may be exported outside of the United States only with the required export authorizations, including by license, license exception, or other appropriate government authorizations, which may require the filing of an encryption registration and classification request. Furthermore, U.S. export control laws and economic sanctions prohibit the shipment of certain products and services to countries, governments, and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions. We incorporate encryption technology into the servers that operate our solution. As a result of locating some servers in data centers outside of the United States, we must comply with these export control laws. The potential penalties for any violation of the EAR include a monetary fine of up to $250,000 or twice the value of the transaction, whichever is greater, per violation and/or a denial of export privileges under the EAR.
In addition, various countries regulate the import of certain encryption technology, including through import permit and license requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to deploy our technology or could limit our customers’ ability to use our solution in those countries. Changes in our technology or changes in export and import regulations may create delays in the introduction of our solution or the deployment of our technology in international markets, prevent our customers with international operations from using our solution globally or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our technology to certain countries, governments or persons altogether. Any change in export or import regulations, economic sanctions or related legislation, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons, or technologies targeted by such regulations, could result in decreased use of our solution by, or in our decreased ability to export our technology to, international markets. Any decreased use of our solution or limitation on our ability to export our technology or sell our solution would likely adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Fluctuations in the exchange rates of foreign currencies could result in currency transaction losses that negatively impact our financial results.
We currently have transactions denominated in various non-U.S. currencies, and may, in the future, have sales denominated in the currencies of additional countries. In addition, we incur a portion of our expenses in many of these same currencies, as well as other currencies, and to the extent we need to convert U.S. Dollars or a different foreign currency to pay expenses, we are exposed to potentially unfavorable changes in exchange rates and added transaction costs. We expect international sales and transactions to become an increasingly important part of our business. Such sales and transactions may be subject to unexpected regulatory requirements and other barriers. Any fluctuation in the exchange rates of these foreign currencies may negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. We have not previously engaged in foreign currency hedging. If we decide to hedge our foreign currency exposure, we may not be able to hedge effectively due to lack of experience, unreasonable costs or illiquid markets. In addition, those activities may be limited in the protection they provide us from foreign currency fluctuations and can themselves result in losses.
Risks Related to Our Internal Controls and Finances
Failure to maintain effective internal controls could cause our investors to lose confidence in us and adversely affect the market price of our common stock. If our internal controls are not effective, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud.
Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, requires that we maintain internal control over financial reporting that meets applicable standards. We may err in the design or operation of our controls, and all internal control systems, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because there are inherent limitations in all control systems, there can be no absolute assurance that all control issues have been or will be detected. If we are unable, or are perceived as unable, to produce reliable financial reports due to internal control deficiencies, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information and operating results, which could result in a negative market reaction.
 
When we are no longer an “emerging growth company” we will be required, pursuant to Section 404, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, and we will need to disclose any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. We will also need to provide a statement that our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an opinion on our internal control over financial reporting, provided that our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until our first annual report required to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, following the later of the date we are deemed to be an “accelerated filer” or a “large accelerated filer,” each as defined in the Exchange Act, or the date we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Businesses Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act.
We previously identified certain material weaknesses in our internal controls which were remediated during 2014. However, completion of remediation does not provide assurance that our remediated controls will continue to operate properly or that our financial statements will be free from error. There may be undetected material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, as a result of which we may not detect financial statement errors on a timely basis. Moreover, in the future we may implement new offerings and engage in business transactions, such as acquisitions, reorganizations, or implementation of new information systems, that could require us to develop and implement new controls and could negatively affect our internal control over financial reporting and result in material weaknesses.
We continue to develop our internal controls, processes, and reporting systems in an effort to maintain the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, and we expect to incur ongoing costs in this effort. However, we may not be successful in developing and maintaining adequate internal controls, which may undermine our ability to provide accurate, timely, and reliable reports on our financial and operating results.
 
If we identify new material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, if we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or, once required, if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, we may be late with the filing of our periodic reports, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, and the market price of our common stock could be negatively affected. As a result of such failures, we could also become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, and become subject to litigation from investors and stockholders, which could harm our reputation, financial condition, or divert financial and management resources from our core business.

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Impairment of intangible assets could increase our expenses.
A portion of our assets consists of capitalized software development costs, goodwill and other intangible assets acquired in connection with acquisitions. Current accounting standards require us to evaluate goodwill on an annual basis and other intangibles if certain triggering events occur, and adjust the carrying value of these assets to net realizable value when such testing reveals impairment of the assets. Various factors, including regulatory or competitive changes, could affect the value of our intangible assets. If we are required to write down the value of our goodwill or intangible assets due to impairment, our reported expenses will increase, resulting in a corresponding decrease in our reported profit.
Our accounting is becoming more complex, and relies upon estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies. If our accounting is erroneous or based on assumptions that change or prove to be incorrect, our operating results could fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in our stock price.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, and also to comply with many complex requirements and standards. We devote substantial resources to compliance with accounting requirements and we base our estimates on our best judgment, historical experience, information derived from third parties, and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities, equity, revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. However, various factors are causing our accounting to become complex. As a result of our acquisition of Chango in April 2015 and the introduction of our intent marketing business, we use both gross and net revenue reporting, as opposed to our historical use only of net reporting, and the determination of gross versus net treatment for various transactions requires application of complex rules and exercise of judgment and can be uncertain. Further, our recent acquisitions have imposed purchase accounting requirements, required us to integrate accounting personnel, systems, and processes, necessitated various consolidation and elimination adjustments, and imposed additional filing and audit requirements. Ongoing evolution of our business, and any future acquisitions, will compound these complexities. Our operating results may be adversely affected if we make accounting errors or our judgments prove to be wrong, assumptions change or actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our operating results to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors or guidance we may have provided, resulting in a decline in our stock price and potential legal claims. Significant judgments, assumptions and estimates used in preparing our consolidated financial statements include those related to revenue recognition, stock-based compensation, purchase accounting, and income taxes.
We have begun reporting a portion of our revenue on a gross basis. The combination of gross and net revenue reporting may make our financial reporting more complex and difficult to understand.
The recognition of our revenue is governed by certain criteria that must be met and that determine whether we report revenue either on a gross basis, as a principal, or net basis, as an agent, depending upon the nature of the sales transaction. Before our acquisition of Chango in April 2015, we reported our revenue on a net basis, but with our acquisition of Chango we commenced an intent marketing offering by which we offer buyers dynamic CPM pricing for inventory acquisition in support of their advertising campaigns. We do not charge fees for this service; instead we attempt to acquire inventory for buyers at prices that satisfy their campaign objectives while allowing us to retain a margin. We report revenue from these transactions on a gross basis, and gross reporting results in higher GAAP revenue and lower margins on a particular amount of managed revenue than for an equivalent level of managed revenue for which we report revenue on a net basis, even though the take rate on the transactions reported gross may be higher than the take rate on transactions reported net. The portion of our revenue reported gross may increase as a result of growth in our intent marketing services, as well as through the evolution of our business to include other transactions for which revenue is reported on a gross basis, due to substantive changes in our business, such as through acquisitions, changes to the commercial terms with buyers and sellers or structural changes to our existing business, or due to changes in accounting standards or interpretations. Increase in the portion of our revenue reported on a gross basis will tend to result in lower overall margins, and the combination of net and gross revenue reporting may make our financial reporting more complex and difficult for investors to understand, and may make comparison of our results of operations to prior periods or other companies more difficult. Further, gross reporting may result in revenue increases that do not necessarily correlate proportionately to changes in our underlying activity or net income. We may experience significant fluctuations in revenue in future periods depending upon, in part, the nature of our sales and our reporting of such revenue. The need to consider the use of gross reporting more broadly for different kinds of transactions as our business evolves would require application of judgment and could increase the potential for reporting errors.

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In order to provide guidance or make other projections regarding our expectations of GAAP revenue for future periods, we must make estimates and assumptions about the mix of gross and net-reported transactions based upon the volumes and characteristics of the transactions we think will make up the total mix of revenue in the period covered by the projection. Those estimates and assumptions may be inaccurate when made, or may be rendered inaccurate by circumstances occurring after the guidance is given, such as changing the characteristics of our offerings or particular transactions in response to client demands, market developments, regulatory pressures, acquisitions, and other factors, In addition, the rules governing revenue recognition in our business are complex, and the rules or their interpretation may evolve. Even apparently minor changes in transaction terms from those initially envisioned can result in different accounting conclusions from those foreseen. In addition, we may incorrectly extrapolate from revenue recognition treatment of prior transactions to future transactions that we believe are similar, but that ultimately are determined to have different characteristics that dictate different revenue reporting treatment. As a result, it is possible that our projections of GAAP revenue guidance may vary, possibly significantly, from actual results, or comparisons of our projections from period to period may be difficult, resulting in potential confusion and even claims against us based upon alleged inaccuracy of our projections.
Our tax liabilities may be greater than anticipated.
The U.S. and non-U.S. tax laws applicable to our business activities are subject to interpretation. We are subject to audit by the Internal Revenue Service and by taxing authorities of the state, local, and foreign jurisdictions in which we operate. Our tax obligations are based in part on our corporate operating structure, including the manner in which we develop, value, and use our intellectual property and sell our solutions, the jurisdictions in which we operate, how tax authorities assess revenue-based taxes such as sales and use taxes, the scope of our international operations, and the value we ascribe to our intercompany transactions. Taxing authorities may challenge our tax positions and methodologies for valuing developed technology or intercompany arrangements, as well as our positions regarding jurisdictions in which we are subject to certain taxes, which could expose us to additional taxes and increase our worldwide effective tax rate. Any adverse outcomes of such challenges to our tax positions could result in additional taxes for prior periods, interest, and penalties, as well as higher future taxes. In addition, our future tax expense could increase as a result of changes in tax laws, regulations, or accounting principles, or as a result of earning income in jurisdictions that have higher tax rates. An increase in our tax expense could have a negative effect on our financial position and results of operations. Moreover, the determination of our provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities requires significant estimates and judgment by management, and the tax treatment of certain transactions is uncertain. Although we believe we will make reasonable estimates and judgments, the ultimate outcome of any particular issue may differ from the amounts previously recorded in our financial statements and any such occurrence could materially affect our financial position and results of operations.
Our ability to use our net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations, which could result in higher tax liabilities.
Our ability to fully utilize our net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be limited. At December 31, 2014, we had U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, of approximately $65.4 million, state NOLs of approximately $61.5 million, federal research and development tax credit carryforwards, or credit carryforwards, of approximately $4.3 million, and state credit carryforwards of approximately $3.4 million. In addition, as part of the acquisition of Chango, we acquired NOLs of approximately $7.2 million. A lack of future taxable income would adversely affect our ability to utilize these NOLs and credit carryforwards. In addition, under Section 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, and comparable state income tax laws, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its NOLs and credit carryforwards to offset future taxable income following the ownership change. As a result, future changes in our stock ownership, including because of issuance of shares of common stock in connection with acquisitions or other direct or indirect changes in our ownership that may be outside of our control, could result in limitations on our ability to fully utilize our NOLs and credit carryforwards. The Company had an ownership change in January 2008 and $2.3 million of federal and state NOLs are already subject to limitation under Section 382. Additionally, approximately $3.4 million of our federal NOLs and approximately $3.4 million of our state NOLs were generated during the pre-acquisition period by corporations that we acquired, and thus those NOLs already are subject to limitation under Section 382 of the Code and comparable state income tax laws. In addition, depending on the level of our taxable income, all or a portion of our NOLs and credit carryforwards may expire unutilized, which could prevent us from offsetting future taxable income by the entire amount of our current and future NOLs and credit carryforwards. We have recorded a full valuation allowance related to our NOLs, credit carryforwards, and other net deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty of the ultimate realization of the future benefits of those assets. To the extent we determine that all, or a portion of, our valuation allowance is no longer necessary, we will reverse the valuation allowance and recognize an income tax benefit in the reported financial statement earnings in that period. Once the valuation allowance is eliminated or reduced, its reversal will no longer be available to offset our current financial statement tax provision in future periods.

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We may require additional capital to support growth, and such capital might not be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Inability to obtain financing could limit our ability to conduct necessary operating activities and make strategic investments.
We intend to continue to make investments in pursuit of our strategic objectives and to support our business growth. Various business challenges may require additional funds, including the need to respond to competitive threats or market evolution by developing new solutions and improving our operating infrastructure, either through additional hiring or acquisition of complementary businesses or technologies, or both. In addition, we could incur significant expenses or shortfalls in anticipated cash generated as a result of unanticipated events in our business or competitive, regulatory, or other changes in our market, or longer payment cycles required or imposed by our buyers.
Our available cash and cash equivalents, including the proceeds from our IPO, the cash we anticipate generating from operations, and our available line of credit under our credit facility may not be adequate to meet our capital needs, and therefore we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. We may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired, and our business may be adversely affected.
If we do raise additional funds through future issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing that we secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, including the ability to pay dividends. This may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. In addition, if we issue debt, the holders of that debt would have prior claims on the Company’s assets, and in case of insolvency, the claims of creditors would be satisfied before distribution of value to equity holders, which would result in significant reduction or total loss of the value of our equity.
Our credit facility subjects us to operating restrictions and financial covenants that impose risk of default and may restrict our business and financing activities.
On September 27, 2011, we entered into a loan and security agreement with Silicon Valley Bank that, as amended to date, provides a senior secured revolving credit facility in the aggregate principal amount of $40 million. At September 30, 2015, we had no amounts outstanding under this loan and security agreement. Borrowings under this agreement are secured by substantially all of our tangible personal property assets and all of our intangible assets are subject to a negative pledge in favor of Silicon Valley Bank. This credit facility is subject to certain financial ratio and liquidity covenants, as well as restrictions that limit our ability, among other things, to:
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dispose of or sell our assets;
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make material changes in our business or management;
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consolidate or merge with other entities;
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incur additional indebtedness;
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create liens on our assets;
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pay dividends;
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make investments;
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enter into transactions with affiliates; and
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pay off or redeem subordinated indebtedness.
These covenants may restrict our ability to finance our operations and to pursue our business activities and strategies. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events beyond our control. In the past, we were not compliant with certain administrative covenants. Although the bank waived such noncompliance or agreed to amend certain covenants in the past, there is no guarantee it will do so in the future. If a default were to occur and not be waived, such default could cause, among other remedies, all of the outstanding indebtedness under our loan and security agreement to become immediately due and payable. In such an event, our liquid assets might not be sufficient to meet our repayment obligations, and we might be forced to liquidate collateral assets at unfavorable prices or our assets may be foreclosed upon and sold at unfavorable valuations.

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Our ability to renew our existing credit facility, which matures in September 2018, or to enter into a new credit facility to replace or supplement the existing facility may be limited due to various factors, including the status of our business, global credit market conditions, and perceptions of our business or industry by sources of financing. In addition, if credit is available, lenders may seek more restrictive covenants and higher interest rates that may reduce our borrowing capacity, increase our costs, and reduce our operating flexibility.
If we do not have or are unable to generate sufficient cash available to repay our debt obligations when they become due and payable, either upon maturity or in the event of a default, we may not be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing on favorable terms, if at all. Our inability to obtain financing may negatively impact our ability to operate and continue our business as a going concern.
Risks Related to the Securities Markets and Ownership of our Common Stock
The price of our common stock may be volatile and the value of an investment in our common stock could decline.
Technology stocks have historically experienced high levels of volatility. The trading price of our common stock has fluctuated substantially and may continue to do so. These fluctuations could result in significant decreases in the value of an investment in our common stock. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our common stock include the following:
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announcements of new offerings, products, services or technologies, commercial relationships, acquisitions, or other events by us or our competitors;
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price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;
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significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of technology companies in general and of companies in the digital advertising industry in particular;
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fluctuations in the trading volume of our shares or the size of our public float;
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actual or anticipated changes or fluctuations in our results of operations;
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actual or anticipated changes in the expectations of investors or securities analysts, and whether our results of operations meet these expectations;
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litigation involving us, our industry, or both;
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regulatory developments in the United States, foreign countries, or both;
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general economic conditions and trends;
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major catastrophic events;
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breaches or system outages;
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sales of large amounts of our common stock or the perception that such sales could occur, as a result of open trading windows under our Insider Trading Policy, pre-arranged sales by insiders under Rule 10b5-1 promulgated under the Exchange Act, sales to cover taxes upon vesting of restricted stock awards or RSUs, or other factors;
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departures of officers or other key employees; or
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an adverse impact on the company resulting from other causes, including any of the other risks described in this Quarterly Report.
In addition, if the market for technology stocks or the stock market, in general, experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, results of operations, or financial condition. The trading price of our common stock might also decline in reaction to events that affect other companies in our industry even if these events do not directly affect us. In the past, volatility in the market price of a company’s securities has often resulted in securities litigation being brought against that company. Declines in the price of our common stock, even following increases, may result in securities litigation against us, which would result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources from our business.

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Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public markets, or the perception that sales might occur, could reduce the price of our common stock and may dilute the voting power and ownership interest of investors in our common stock.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and may make it more difficult for investors in our common stock to sell their shares at a time and price that they deem appropriate. As of October 22, 2015, we had 44,378,826 shares of common stock outstanding, including 1,707,197 shares of restricted stock issued pursuant to our 2007 Stock Incentive Plan and our 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, none of which were vested, but excluding shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options and vesting of restricted stock units. As of October 22, 2015, we had outstanding options to purchase an aggregate of 6,649,893 shares of our common stock issued pursuant to our 2007 Stock Incentive Plan, 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, iSocket, Inc. 2009 Equity Incentive Plan, 2014 Inducement Grant Equity Incentive Plan, and Chango Inc. 2009 Stock Option Plan, or Plans, of which 3,613,559 were vested at a weighted-average exercise price of $7.41 per share. Furthermore, as of October 22, 2015, we had outstanding 2,724,033 restricted stock units issued pursuant to our Plans. All of these outstanding stock awards, together with an additional 1,450,326 shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under our Plans and 828,411 shares of common stock reserved under our 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, and any increase in the shares available pursuant to the plans’ evergreen provisions (if applicable), are registered for offer and sale on Form S-8 under the Securities Act of 1933. We also intend to register the offer and sale of all other shares of common stock that may be authorized under our current or future equity compensation plans, issued under equity plans we may assume in acquisitions, or issued as inducement awards under New York Stock Exchange rules. Shares registered under these registration statements on Form S-8 will be available for sale in the public market subject to vesting arrangements and exercise of options, our Insider Trading Policy trading blackouts, and the restrictions of Rule 144 in the case of our affiliates.
Under our Insider Trading Policy, we impose trading blackouts during the period beginning on the first day of the last month of each quarter and ending after two trading days following the filing of our next quarterly report on Form 10-Q or Annual Report on Form 10-K. A substantial portion of the equity issued to certain of our officers and employees is in the form of stock options that are vested and in-the-money, which can be exercised for shares, or restricted stock or restricted stock units, which upon vesting will be converted into tradeable shares, that are (or will be upon vesting) eligible for sale during open trading windows. Sales of a substantial number of such shares, or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause our share price to fall or make it more difficult for investors to sell our common stock at a time and price that they deem appropriate.
Pre-IPO investors have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering the sale of their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders.
We may issue our shares of common stock or securities convertible into our common stock from time to time in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments or otherwise. Any such issuance could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and cause the trading price of our common stock to decline.
Insiders have substantial control over us, which could limit investors’ ability to influence the outcome of key transactions, including a change of control.
Our directors, executive officers and stockholders who own greater than 5% of our outstanding common stock, in the aggregate, beneficially own approximately 30% of the shares of our common stock outstanding as of October 22, 2015. As a result, these stockholders will be able to influence or control matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election of directors and the approval of mergers, acquisitions or other extraordinary transactions. They may also have interests that differ from other investors and may vote in a manner that is adverse to investors’ interests. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of deterring, delaying or preventing a change of control of the company, could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their common stock as part of a sale of the company, and might ultimately affect the market price of our common stock.

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The trading market for our stock is new and not fully developed, and small trading volumes can contribute to sudden declines in price and make it more difficult to sell significant numbers of shares quickly without adversely affecting the market price for our stock.
Our common stock has been publicly traded only since April 2, 2014, and the trading volumes for our stock have been relatively small due to the fact that only 18% of our outstanding shares, at the time of the initial public offering, were sold in our initial public offering, and the holders of the balance of our outstanding common stock were subject to lock-up agreements that prohibited sales of their shares until September 29, 2014. Following the expiration of the IPO lock-ups, more shares have been sold in the public market, and some shares issued as consideration for acquisitions we have made since going public have also been sold. In addition, we have made and may continue to make acquisitions that include the additional issuance of stock, which may increase dilution and potentially increase the number of shares available for sale. However, our trading volumes may remain relatively small for some time for various reasons, including the fact that we are new to the public markets and not well known to analysts, investors, and others who could influence demand for our shares. Further, because we are a relatively small company without an established history of profitability, the range of investors willing to invest in our shares may be relatively limited. As a result of these factors, our shares can be susceptible to sudden, rapid declines in price, especially when large blocks of shares are sold by investors or upon exercise of employee stock options or vesting of restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards and the subsequent or concurrent sale of shares to cover the holders’ tax obligations. Sales of substantial amounts of common stock by stockholders, or even the potential for such sales, may cause the market price to decline, which could make it more difficult for our stockholders to sell their shares at the time or price they desire, and could also impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of equity securities.
Our business could be negatively affected as a result of actions of activist stockholders.
Campaigns by stockholders to effect changes at publicly traded companies are sometimes led by investors seeking to increase short-term stockholder value through actions such as financial restructuring, increased debt, special dividends, stock repurchases or sales of assets or the entire company. If we are targeted by an activist stockholder in the future, the process could be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our operations and divert the attention of management and our employees from executing our strategic plan. Additionally, perceived uncertainties as to our future direction as a result of stockholder activism or changes to the composition of our board of directors may lead to the perception of a change in the direction of our business, instability or lack of continuity, which may be exploited by our competitors, cause concern to current or potential buyers and sellers on our platform, and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel. If buyers and/or sellers choose to delay, defer or reduce transactions with us or through our platform or transact with our competitors instead of us because of any such issues, then our revenue, earnings and operating cash flows could be adversely affected.
The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert our management’s attention, and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and are required to comply with the applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of the New York Stock Exchange, and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Among other things, we must file annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business and results of operations, maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, and comply with various requirements regarding the composition and operation of our board of directors. Compliance with these rules and regulations requires significant resources and management oversight, increases our legal and financial compliance costs, makes some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increases demand on our systems and resources. As a result, management’s attention and company resources may be diverted from other business concerns. Although we have already hired additional employees to help us comply with these requirements, we may need to hire even more employees in the future, which would increase our costs.

The risks and costs associated with being a public company and complying with related rules and regulations have also made it significantly more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage as a result of risks or claims we encounter. These factors could also make it more difficult and expensive for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors, particularly to serve on our Audit Committee and Compensation Committee, and qualified executive officers.

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We are an “emerging growth company,” and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.
For as long as we remain an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various requirements that are applicable to public companies that are not “emerging growth companies.” For example, we are not required to comply with the independent auditor attestation requirements of Section 404, we may provide reduced disclosure regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and we are exempt from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We may take advantage of these exemptions for as long as we are an “emerging growth company,” which could be as long as five years following the completion of our initial public offering, although, if we have more than $1.0 billion in annual revenue, if the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of June 30 of any year, or we issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period before the end of that five-year period, we would cease to be an “emerging growth company” as of the following December 31. Investors may find our common stock less attractive because we rely on these exemptions, which could contribute to a less active trading market for our common stock, and increased volatility or reduction in our stock price.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research or reports about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock to some extent depends on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts, and their reports or analyst consensus may not reflect our guidance, plans, or expectations. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrades our shares or changes their opinion of our business prospects, our share price could decline. If one or more of these analysts decreases or ceases coverage of our company, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.
We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future and, consequently, investors’ ability to achieve a return on their investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock.
We have never declared or paid any dividends on our common stock. We intend to retain any earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the future. In addition, our credit facility contains restrictions on our ability to pay dividends. As a result, investors may only receive a return on their investment in our common stock if the market price of our common stock increases. In addition, our credit facility contains restrictions on our ability to pay dividends.
Provisions of our charter documents and Delaware law may inhibit a potential acquisition of the company and limit the ability of stockholders to cause changes in company management.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws include provisions, as described below, that could delay or prevent a change in control of the company, and make it difficult for stockholders to elect directors who are not nominated by the current members of our board of directors or take other actions to change company management.
•
Our certificate of incorporation gives our board of directors the authority to issue shares of preferred stock in one or more series, and to establish from time to time the number of shares in each series and to fix the price, designations, powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other rights, if any, and the qualifications, limitations, or restrictions of each series of the preferred stock without any further vote or action by stockholders. The issuance of shares of preferred stock may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition of the company by significantly diluting the ownership of a hostile acquirer, resulting in the loss of voting power and reduced ability to cause a takeover or effect other changes.
•
Our certificate of incorporation provides that our board of directors is classified, with only one of its three classes elected each year, and directors may be removed only for cause and only with the vote of 66 2/3% of the voting power of stock outstanding and entitled to vote thereon. Further, the number of directors is determined solely by our board of directors, and because we do not allow for cumulative voting rights, holders of a majority of shares of common stock entitled to vote may elect all of the directors standing for election. These provisions could delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of our board of directors.
•
Under our bylaws, only the board of directors or a majority of remaining directors, even if less than a quorum, may fill vacancies resulting from an increase in the authorized number of directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director.
•
Our certificate of incorporation prohibits stockholder action by written consent, so any action by stockholders may only be taken at an annual or special meeting.
 

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Our certificate of incorporation provides that a special meeting of stockholders may be called only by the board of directors. This could delay any effort by stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors.
•
Under our bylaws, advance notice must be given to nominate directors or submit proposals for consideration at stockholders’ meetings. This gives our board of directors time to defend against takeover attempts and could discourage or deter a potential acquirer from soliciting proxies or making proposals related to an unsolicited takeover attempt.
•
The provisions of our certificate of incorporation noted above may be amended only with the affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of all of the then-outstanding shares of the company’s voting stock, voting together as a single class. The same two-thirds vote is required to amend the provision of our certificate of incorporation imposing these supermajority voting requirements. Further, our bylaws may be amended only by our board of directors or by the same percentage vote of stockholders noted above as required to amend our certificate of incorporation. These supermajority voting requirements may inhibit the ability of a potential acquirer to effect such amendments to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt.
•
Our board of directors may amend our bylaws by majority vote. This could allow the board to use bylaw amendments to delay or prevent an unsolicited takeover, and limits the ability of an acquirer to amend the bylaws to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt.
We are also subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or the DGCL, which prohibits us from engaging in any business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years from the date the person became an interested stockholder, unless certain conditions are met. These provisions make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirers to acquire the company without negotiation and may apply even if some of our stockholders consider the proposed transaction beneficial to them. For example, these provisions might discourage a potential acquisition proposal or tender offer, even if the acquisition proposal or tender offer were to be at a premium over the then current market price for our common stock. These provisions could also limit the price that investors are willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
(a) Recent Sale of Unregistered Securities
None.

(b) Use of Proceeds
Our initial public offering of common stock was effected through a Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-193739), which was declared effective on April 1, 2014. There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from our initial public offering as described in our final prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) of the Securities Act and other periodic reports previously filed with the SEC.


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SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

 
 
THE RUBICON PROJECT, INC.
(Registrant)
 

/s/  Todd Tappin
 
Todd Tappin
 
Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
 
 
 

/s/  David Day
 
David Day
 
Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
          
Date: October 30, 2015




EXHIBIT INDEX
 
Number
 
Description
 
 
 
3.1
 
Sixth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 15, 2014).
3.2
 
Amended and Restated Bylaws the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 15, 2014).
31.1*
 
Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant To Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*
 
Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant To Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1*(1)
 
Certification of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant To 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.ins*(2)
 
XBRL Instance Document
101.sch*(2)
 
XBRL Taxonomy Schema Linkbase Document
101.cal*(2)
 
XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
101.def*(2)
 
XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document
101.lab*(2)
 
XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
101.pre*(2)
 
XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document

*
Filed herewith

(1)                   The information in this exhibit is furnished and deemed not filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission for purposes of section 18 of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of The Rubicon Project, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

(2)                   In accordance with Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, the information in these exhibits is furnished and deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act, is deemed not filed for purposes of section 18 of the Exchange Act of 1934, and otherwise is not subject to liability under these sections.

Exhibit


Exhibit 31.1
 
Certification of Principal Executive Officer
pursuant to
Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a),
as adopted pursuant to
Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Frank Addante, certify that:
 
1.
I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of The Rubicon Project, Inc.;
 
2.
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
 
3.
Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
 
4.
The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:
 
a.
Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
 
b.
Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
 
c.
Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
 
5.
The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
 
a.
All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

 b.
Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
 
Signature:
/s/ Frank Addante
 
 
Frank Addante
Chief Executive Officer, Chief Product Architect and Chairman of the Board
(Principal Executive Officer)
           
Date: October 30, 2015



Exhibit


 Exhibit 31.2
 
Certification of Principal Financial Officer
pursuant to
Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a),
as adopted pursuant to
Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
 
I, Todd Tappin, certify that:
 
1.
I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of The Rubicon Project, Inc.;
 
2.
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
 
3.
Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.
The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:
 
a.
Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b.
Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

c.
Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.
The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
 
a.
All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

 b.
Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

 
Signature:
/s/ Todd Tappin
 
 
Todd Tappin
Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
             
Date: October 30, 2015


Exhibit


Exhibit 32
 
CERTIFICATIONS OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER
PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
 AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
 

Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. 1350), Frank Addante, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Product Architect and Chairman of the Board (Principal Executive Officer) of The Rubicon Project, Inc. (the "Company"), and Todd Tappin, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) of the Company, each hereby certifies that, to the best of his knowledge:
 
1. Our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2015, to which this certification is attached as Exhibit 32 (the "Report"), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: October 30, 2015


 
/s/ Frank Addante
 
Frank Addante
Chief Executive Officer, Chief Product Architect and Chairman of the Board
(Principal Executive Officer)
                
 
/s/ Todd Tappin
 
Todd Tappin
Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)



The foregoing certifications are being furnished pursuant to 13 U.S.C. Section 1350. They are not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.